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Investigating the "two-hit hypothesis": effects of prenatal maternal immune activation and adolescent cannabis use on neurodevelopment in mice

Prenatal exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) and chronic adolescent cannabis use have both been identified as environmental risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most individuals exposed to a single risk factor do not typically develop major mental illness, which suggests that multiple exposures may be required for illness onset. Here, we examine whether combined exposure to prenatal MIA and adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, lead to enduring neuroanatomical and behavioural changes in adult offspring, potentially reflecting changes in humans indicative of mental illness.  Mice were prenatally exposed to a viral mimetic, poly I:C (5mg/kg), or vehicle at gestational day (GD)9, and then postnatally exposed to chronic THC (5mg/kg) or vehicle by intraperitoneal injections during adolescent development (postnatal day [PND]28-45). Longitudinal in vivo whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed pre-treatment, PND25, post-treatment, PND50, and in adulthood, PND85, followed by a series of behavioural tests aimed at assessing anxiety-like and locomotor, social, and sensorimotor gating behaviour. Post-mortem assessment of cannabinoid (CB)1 and 2 receptor expressing cells was performed in developmentally altered regions identified by MRI (anterior cingulate and somatosensory cortices, striatum, and hippocampus). We hypothesized that there would be differential, but synergistic effects of each exposure. Briefly, we found subtle deviations in neurodevelopmental trajectory and subthreshold anxiety-like behaviours were observed in mice exposed to both risk factors. Sex-dependent effects were observed in patterns of shared brain-behaviour covariation, suggesting that exposure to MIA and THC may affect males and females in different ways. Density of CB1 and CB2 receptor positive cells was significantly decreased in all regions assessed for all mice exposed to either one or both risk factors, relative to controls. These findings suggest that there may be a cumulative effect of risk factor exposure on gross neuroanatomical and behavioural development, and that the endocannabinoid system may be sensitive to both prenatal MIA, adolescent THC, or the combination. For full details, see our publication: . In this dataset, you will find a total of 243 preprocessed structural MRIs (in MINC format) acquired at postnatal day ~25, ~50, and ~85 in mice exposed to poly I:C or vehicle control (0.9% sterile saline) at GD9, and then postnatally treated with vehicle or THC from PND 28-45. These are T1-weighted structural images at 100 micron isotropic resolution acquired on a 7 Tesla Bruker Biospec 70/30; matrix size of 180 x 160 x 90; 14.5 minutes, 20 degrees and TE/TR of 4.5/20 ms (2 averages, ~14 minutes). Anesthesia was induced with 3% isoflurane in oxygen and a (0.075 mg/kg bolus) dexmedetomidine injection. Anesthesia was maintained during the scan between 1.5-0.5% isoflurane, and a constant infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.05mg/kg/h continuous mg/kg during scan). T1-weighted scans were preprocessed by stripping native coordinates, flipping left-right to maintain fidelity, denoising, correcting inhomogeneities in the bias field using the N4 algorithm, and registering in LSQ6 alignment (i.e. 6 degrees of freedom are allowed for imagine alignment: translations and rotations along x, y, and z dimensions). The demographics information for each animal is included in the demographics.csv file.  Behavioural tests were performed following the postnatal day 85 scans in all animals with a 2 day rest period. These include: open field test, three chambered social approach, and prepulse inhibition. The data for all of these tests is presented in its own individual .csv spreadsheet. Included in this data set are the structural MRIs in MINC format, the behavioural .csv data, and a readme.txt file providing further detail on the data structure and content, and on how to interpret the data column titles. DICOMS are also available for the structural MRI data, as are the raw (not-preprocessed) MINC files, available upon request to the authors.  Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge the funding bodies that supported the completion of this work including the Canadian Institute for Health Research, the Fonds de Recherche du Québec en Santé, and the Healthy Brains for Healthy Lives at McGill University.

Fig. 22 in Revision of the genus Dicranopalpus from northern Spain and Corsica, with descriptions of two new species (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangioidea)

Fig. 22. Dicranopalpus catariegensis sp. nov. Right pedipalp. A–C. Male. D–E. Female. A, D. Median view. B. Claw. C, E. Dorsal view of patella and tibia. A–E (CJM 1746). D–E (CJM 9005). Scale bars: A, C–E = 0.5 mm; B = 50 μm.

Fig. 19. Dicranopalpus pyrenaeus Dresco, 1948. Right pedipalp. A–C. Male. D–E. Female. A, D. Median view. B. Claw. C, E in Revision of the genus Dicranopalpus from northern Spain and Corsica, with descriptions of two new species (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangioidea)

Fig. 19. Dicranopalpus pyrenaeus Dresco, 1948. Right pedipalp. A–C. Male. D–E. Female. A, D. Median view. B. Claw. C, E. Dorsal view of patella and tibia. Scale bars: A, C–D = 0.5 mm; B = 50 μm.

Fig. 1 in Revision of the genus Dicranopalpus from northern Spain and Corsica, with descriptions of two new species (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangioidea)

Fig. 1. Right pedipalps of juveniles of Dicranopalpus Doleschall, 1852. A. D. catariegensis sp. nov., ventral view (CHW 466). B. D. catariegensis sp. nov., median view (CJM 9005, paratype). C. D. insignipalpis (Simon, 1879), median view (CJM 7258). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Soil information on a regional scale: Two machine learning based approaches for predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity

Version 1.0 - This version is the final revised one. This is the dataset accompanying the paper: Zeitfogel et al., Soil information on a regional scale: Two machine learning based approaches for predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity, published at Geoderma, 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116418). Soil property and Ksat maps for Austria. The digital soil maps were generated based on a  Machine Learning and PTF-based approach (indirect approach) and a pure Machine Learning based approach (direct approach). By downloading the datasets, you agree that we nor the provider of the used source datasets cannot be liable for the data provided. This study was funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism (Project InfCapAT), the Austrian Academy of Science (Project RechAUT) and the Austrian Science Fund project P 31213.

The carbon sink potential of southern China after two decades of afforestation

Geological data were provided by China Geological Survey in shapefile with lithology and lithological age in the attribute table. The "class" means the lithology class, where "1" denotes a classification dominated by Dolomite; "2" is a classification dominated by Limestone; "3" represents a classification dominated by Clastic; "4" means water and "5" denotes a classification dominated by Carbonate rocks. "symbol" represents the lithological age. The geomorphological units (Cheng and Zhou, 2014) can be downloaded at the National Tibetan Plateau Third Pole Environment Data Center (https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en/data/ecb4889a-8d85-4a64-a426-2c74f59fe14f/?q=geomor) in shapefile. It includes 5 types in the attribute table named TypeNames: Flat, Hills, Low relief, Moderate relief, High relief. Hydrological data is available at https://www.webmap.cn/commres.do?method=result25W in shapefile with 3 elements: rivers, lakes, springs and so on. "HYDA" represents the lakes, "HYDL" is rivers, and "HYDP" is springs and wells. Climate data include mean annual precipitation (MAP, mm), mean annual temperature (MAT, °C), aridity index (aridity), humidity index (im), >0°C accumulated temperature (aat0dem, °C-days) and >10°C accumulated temperature (aat10dem, °C-days). MAP and MAT are at a resolution of 1km x 1km from 2000-2015. Aridity index (aridity), humidity index (im), >0°C accumulated temperature (aat0dem, °C-days) and >10°C accumulated temperature (aat10dem, °C-days) are at a resolution of 500m x 500m. Soil properties are also available at the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://www.resdc.cn/) at a resolution of 1km x 1km.  Where names of the soil order codes represent as follows: 10: Alfisols. 11: Semi-alfisol. 13: Xerosol. 15: Primitive soil. 16: Semi-hydric soil. 17: Hydric soil. 18: Saline-alkali soil. 19: Anthrosols. 20: Alpine soil. 21: Ferralsols. 22: Cities. 23: Rocks. 24: Lakes and reservoirs. 25: Rivers. 26: Sand bars and islands in rivers. 27: Glacier and snow cover. 28: Coral reefs and sea islands. 30: Coastal salt farm/aquaculture farm. Soil texture includes clay content (%), silt content (%), and sand content (%). DEM (ASTGTM2_dem) is also available at the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://www.resdc.cn/) at a resolution of 30m x 30m. This dataset is the percentage of above-ground biomass carbon carrying capacity reached in the eight provinces of southern China and in different forest types from 2002 to 2017 at the resolution of 500m x 500m, with the urban and water areas, cropland, and the southeast margin of the Tibet Plateau masked. The dataset takes values ranging from 0%-100%. 0% represents the highest carbon sequestration potential, while 100% represents carbon sequestration has reached saturation. The dataset can locate areas where vegetation has not yet reached its full potential, which is significant for the implementation and adjustment of ecological engineering. The dataset is publicly available.

FIG. 18.– Congocepheus ektactesi n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 18.– Congocepheus ektactesi n. sp. adult.: A, legs I, antiaxial; B, leg II, antiaxial; C, legs III, antiaxial; D, legs IV, antiaxal; E, trochanterfemur, leg III, antiaxial; F, trochanter-femur, leg III, paraxial. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars:A-D, 50 μm; E, F, 70 μm.

FIG. 16. – Congocepheus ektactesi n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 16. – Congocepheus ektactesi n. sp. adult., scanning electron micrographs: A, lateral view; B, latero-posterior view; C, latero-dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, B, 300 μm; C, 100 μm.

FIG. 17. – Congocepheus ektactesi n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 17. – Congocepheus ektactesi n. sp. adult. scanning electron micrographs: A, notogastral posterior view; B,ventral posterior view; C, lamellar tip; D, bothridium; E, legs I, dorsal view; F, claw, lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, F, 100 μm; B, 50 μm; C, E, 30 μm; D, 40 μm.

FIG. 15. – Congocepheus ektactesi n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 15. – Congocepheus ektactesi n. sp. adult., scanning electron micrographs: A, dorsal view; B, frontal view; C, CSO zone; D, frontal view, detail; E, prodorsal microsculpture. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 300 μm; B, D, 100 μm; C, 50 μm; E, 10 μm.

FIG. 13. – Congocepheus ektactesi n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 13. – Congocepheus ektactesi n. sp. adult: A, lateral view; B, zone notogastral anterior depression, detail; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 200 μm; B, 30 μm; C, D, 230 μm.

FIG. 14. – Congocepheus ektactesi n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 14. – Congocepheus ektactesi n. sp. adult, scanning electron micrographs: A, ventral view; B, infracapitulum; C, anal zone; D, anal, sharp end; E, aggenital setae; F, epimeric setae; G, adanal setae; H, anal setae. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 300 μm; B, 50 μm; C-E, 20 μm; F, 30 μm; G, 10 μm; H, 5 μm.

FIG. 12. – Congocepheus ektactesi n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 12. – Congocepheus ektactesi n. sp. adult., scanning electron micrographs: A, notogastral setae, da; B, c2, notogastral setae; C, in setae; D, ro setae, shape variation; E, Prodorsum, lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, D, 30 μm; B, 10 μm; E, 100 μm.

FIG. 11. – Congocepheus ektactesi n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 11. – Congocepheus ektactesi n. sp. adult. scanning electron micrographs:A, dorsal view;B, anterior notogastral zone; C, notogastral anterior depression, dorsal view; D, microsculpture, between dp, notogastral setae; E, finger-like projection zone. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 300 μm; B, E, 50 μm; C, 100 μm; D, 40 μm.

FIG. 9. – Congocepheus gabonensis n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 9. – Congocepheus gabonensis n. sp. adult, scanning electron micrographs: A, ventral view; B, ventral posterior view; C, lateral view, humeral apophysis and bothridial opening; D, notogastral setae; E, anal setae; F, genital setae. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 100 μm; B, C, 10 μm; D, 10 μm; E, F, 1 μm.

FIG. 5 in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 5. – Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997 adult, scanning electron micrographs: A, posterior view; B, interlamellar setae; C, notogastral setae; D, lateral view, zone tutorium; E, posterior zone, anal plate; F, lamellar seta, lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A-C, F, 10 μm; E, 1 μm.

FIG. 8. – Congocepheus gabonensis n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 8. – Congocepheus gabonensis n. sp. adult: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar: 100 μm.

FIG. 6. – Congocepheus gabonensis n in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 6. – Congocepheus gabonensis n. sp. adult, scanning electron micrographs: A, dorsal view; B, frontal view; C, posterior view; D, ro, setae; E, lateral view, p3 setae. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A-C, 100 μm; D, 1 μm; E, 10 μm.

FIG. 4 in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 4. – Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997 adult: A, lateral view; B, tutorial zone, lateral view; C, posterior view; D, frontal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar: 100 μm.

FIG. 3 in Family Carabodidae (Acari: Oribatida) V. The genus Congocepheus Balogh, 1958 (second part), with a redescription of Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, and descriptions of two new species

FIG. 3. – Congocepheus involutus Mahunka, 1997, adult scanning electron micrographs: A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, sensillus and humeral apophysis,antero-lateral view;D, sensillus,posterior view.Abbreviations:see Material and methods.Scale bars:A-C,10 μm; D, 1 μm.