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Figure 5 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 5. Molar area vs. promontorium area for extant and fossil metatherians with associated petrosal and teeth remains. A, M2 area vs. promontorium area; B, m2 area vs. promontorium area; C, M3 area vs. promontorium area; D, m3 area vs. promontorium area. Open square, Didelphis marsupialis, closed square; Didelphis aurita; grey square, Didelphis albiventris; open circle, Marmosa murina; closed circle, Philander opossum; grey circle, Metachirus nudicaudatus; cross, Caluromys philander; closed lozenge; Caenolestes fuliginosus; grey lozenge, Phacogale tapoatafa; open triangle, Pucadelphys andinus; closed triangle, Andinodelphys cochabambensis; grey triangle, Mayulestes ferox; line, Deltatheridium pretrituberculare. M2–3, second and third upper molars; m2–3, second and third lower molars.

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Figure 3 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 3. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6735-V (Type VIII) in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views, with a reconstruction of the inner ear (A2). Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; al, anterior lamina; asc, anterior semicircular canal; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cocd, cochlear duct; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; la, lateral ampulla; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); pa, posterior ampulla; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; tt, tuberculum tympani.

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Figure 2 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 2. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6737-V (Type VII) in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; ac, aqueductus cochleae; al, anterior lamina; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; la, lateral ampulla; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sica, sulcus for the internal carotid artery; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; th, tympanohyal; vf, vascular foramen; V3?, probable medial border of the foramen ovale for the V3 nerve.

Figure 6 in Relationships of the haematophagous marine snail Colubraria (Rachiglossa: Colubrariidae), within the neogastropod phylogenetic framework

Figure 6. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in the BUC data set (see text). Topology derived after a Bayesian inference. Numbers above the branches are the Bayesian posterior support values; numbers below the branches are the bootstrap support values from a maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis.

Figure 5 in Relationships of the haematophagous marine snail Colubraria (Rachiglossa: Colubrariidae), within the neogastropod phylogenetic framework

Figure 5. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in the NEO data set (see text). Topology derived after a Bayesian inference. Numbers above the branches are the Bayesian posterior support values; numbers below the branches are the bootstrap support values from a maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis.

Figure 4 in Relationships of the haematophagous marine snail Colubraria (Rachiglossa: Colubrariidae), within the neogastropod phylogenetic framework

Figure 4. Reproductive system of Colubraria muricata. A, a male with the body wall dissected dorsally. B, distal penis with papilla penialis of Colubraria tenera. C, distal penis with papilla penialis of Colubraria reticulata. D, distal portion of the spermiduct. E, semischematic drawings of the male reproductive system in C. muricata. F, semischematic drawings of the male reproductive system in some neogastropods [e.g. Nucella canaliculata (Duclos, 1832) or Anachis lyrata (Sowerby, 1832); modified after Houston (1976) and deMaintenon (1999)]. H, semischematic drawings of the female reproductive system in some neogastropods [e.g. Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758, or Nucella emarginata (Deshayes, 1839); modifiend after Houston (1976) and deMaintenon (1999)]. I, semischematic drawings of the female reproductive system in C. muricata. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; cg, capsule gland; fgo, female genital opening; gpcd, gonopericardial duct; ig, ingesting gland; ki, kidney; ov, ovarium; pc, pericardium; pe, penis; ped, penial duct pp, papilla penialis; pro, prostatic opening in the mantle cavity; prs, prostate; te, testis; vd, vas deferens; ve, vestibulum. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; D, G, 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Relationships of the haematophagous marine snail Colubraria (Rachiglossa: Colubrariidae), within the neogastropod phylogenetic framework

Figure 1. Colubraria muricata (Lightfoot, 1786), the type species of the genus. A, Colubraria muricata feeding on a Siganus sp. at Santo Island (Palliculo Bay; depth, 11 m; photo S. Schiaparelli). B, the cephalic region of C. muricata from Santo Island. C, shells of C. muricata from the Philippines (photo G. & P. Poppe).

Figure 3 in Relationships of the haematophagous marine snail Colubraria (Rachiglossa: Colubrariidae), within the neogastropod phylogenetic framework

Figure 3. Digestive system of Colubraria muricata. A, radula. B, radular central tooth. C, the foregut from the proboscis tip to the mid-posterior oesophagus. D, the dissected stomach. E, longitudinal section of the proboscis tip, showing the buccal mass. F, transversal section of the proboscis. G, enlargement of the anterior oesophagus of F. H, transversal section of the anterior oesophagus at the base of the proboscis. Abbreviations: aoe, anterior oesophagus; bm, buccal mass; in, intestine; lsg, left salivary gland; mo, mouth; mpoe, mid-posterior oesophagus; nf, nerve fibre; nr, nerve ring; od, odontophore; pa, proboscideal artery; pr, proboscis; prr, proboscis retractor muscle; pw, proboscis wall; ra, radula; re, rectum; rsg, right salivary gland; sd, salivary gland duct; stl, stomach lumen. Scale bars: A, 50 mm; B, 25 mm; C, D, 10 mm; E–H, 100 mm.

Figure 2 in Relationships of the haematophagous marine snail Colubraria (Rachiglossa: Colubrariidae), within the neogastropod phylogenetic framework

Figure 2. Mantle organs of a dissected male specimen of Colubraria muricata. A, mantle dissected medially. B, body wall dissected dorsally. Abbreviations: an, anus; ct, ctenidium; dg, digestive gland; fo, foot; go, gonad; hyg, hypobranchial gland; lsg, left salivary gland; mtl, mantle; os, osphradium; pe, penis; pr, proboscis; re, rectum; ry, rhynchodaeum; st, stomach. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 11 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 11. Biogeographical background and evolutionary scenarios for the emergence of Kenyapotamus and Hippopotaminae. Abbreviations: 1 and 2, see text for comments; archaic bothrio., archaic bothriodontines (excluding Brachyodus); Pleis., Pleistocene; Siva. – Afro., group of advanced bothriodontines including the African Afromeryx and the Afro-Asian Sivameryx. Maps indicate known distribution areas of taxa at approximate regional scale. Distributions for: Libycosaurus from Lihoreau et al. (2006) and Boisserie & Lihoreau (2006); Merycopotamus from Lihoreau et al. (2007); Sivameryx– Afromeryx from Lihoreau (2003); Elomeryx from Ducrocq & Lihoreau (2006); archaic bothriodontines from Ducrocq (1997).

Figure 9 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 9. Strict consensus tree of the 14 most parsimonious phylogenetic trees (289 steps; consistency index = 0.474; retention index = 0.724) obtained by cladistic analysis (heuristic search) of the complete matrix (24 taxa and 87 characters; see Appendices and Supporting Information). Numbers at nodes are: Bremer index/ bootstrap index (1000 replicates,> 50% occurrences). CB, crown bothriodontines; Hid, Hippopotamidae; Hoid, Hippopotamoidea; Hin, Hippopotaminae; K, Kenyapotaminae; MMK, middle Miocene kenyapotamines; LMK, late Miocene kenyapotamines.

Figure 6 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 6. Lower premolars of Kenyapotaminae. A, Kenyapotamus coryndonae, KNM-BN 1483/1487, right P2 (left, occlusal view; right, lingual view). B, K. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1490, right P2 or P3 (left, occlusal view; right, lingual view). C, K. coryndonae, KNM-NA 194, right lower premolar, most probably P4 (left, occlusal view; right, labial view). D, K. coryndonae, KNM-NA 246, right P4 (left, occlusal view; right, lingual view). Localities: BN, Ngeringerowa; NA, Nakali. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 8 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 8. Metapodials and astragalus of Kenyapotaminae. A, Kenyapotamus cf. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1127, right astragalus (top left, external view; bottom left, internal view; top right, dorsal view; bottom right, volar view). B, K. cf. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1622, distal extremity of metapodial (top, dorsal view; bottom, distal view). C, K. cf. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1621, metapodial missing proximal extremity (top left, volar view; top right, dorsal view; bottom right, distal view). Localities: BN, Ngeringerowa. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 4 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 4. Upper premolars of Kenyapotaminae. A, Kenyapotamus coryndonae, KNM-BN 1717, right P1 (left, mesial view; right, lingual view). B, Kenyapotamus ternani, KNM-FT 17089, right P2 (left, labial view; middle, lingual view; right, occlusal view). C, K. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1715, left P3 (top left, labial view; top right, lingual view; bottom left, occlusal view). D, K. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1802, left P4 (occlusal view). E, K. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1493, left P4 (left, lingual view; middle, mesial view; right, occlusal view). Localities: BN, Ngeringerowa; FT, Fort Ternan. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 10 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 10. One of the eight most parsimonious phylogenetic trees (230 steps; consistency index = 0.470; retention index = 0.724) obtained by cladistic analysis (heuristic search) of the matrix including only cheek tooth characters (23 taxa and 66 characters – character 16 to character 81; see Appendices and online Supporting Information). Three other trees presented a similar topology within Hippopotamoidea, the four others displaying a topology compatible with Figure 9. Numbers at nodes are: Bremer index/ bootstrap index (1000 replicates,> 50% occurrences). AB, advanced bothriodontines; Hid, Hippopotamidae; Hoid, Hippopotamoidea; K, Kenyapotaminae; MMK, middle Miocene kenyapotamines; LMK, late Miocene kenyapotamines.

Figure 7 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 7. Mandible and lower molars of Kenyapotaminae. A, Kenyapotamus coryndonae, KNM-NA 246, right mandibular corpus with P4, M1, distal half of M2, M3 (top, ventral view; bottom, internal view). B, K. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1320, fragmentary right M1 or M2 (left, labial view; right, occlusal view). C, Kenyapotamus ternani, KNM-MB 864, left lower M1 or M2 (occlusal view). D, K. coryndonae, KNM-NA 246, right M3 (occlusal view). E, K. cf. coryndonae, KNM-NA 250C, right M3 (occlusal view). F, K. ternani, KNM-FT 3322, left M3 (occlusal view). Localities: BN, Ngeringerowa; FT, Fort Ternan; MB, Maboko; NA, Nakali. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 5 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 5. Maxilla and upper molars of Kenyapotaminae. A, Kenyapotamus coryndonae, KNM-BN 1321, right M3, holotype with KNM-BN 2075 (left, labial view; middle, mesial view; right, occlusal view). B, K. aff. coryndonae, KNM-NA 251, right M3 (left, labial view; middle, mesial view; right, occlusal view). C, K. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1494, fragmentary palate with left M1 and right M2 (occlusal view). D, K. coryndonae, KNM-NA 188, right M1 (left, labial view; middle, mesial view; right, occlusal view). E, cf. Kenyapotamus, KNM-BN 1618, upper molar fragment (top, labial view; bottom, occlusal view). F, Kenyapotamus ternani, KNM-FT 3934, right M1 - holotype (left, labial view; middle, mesial view; right, occlusal view). G, K. cf. coryndonae, KNM-BN 1601, molar fragment (labial view). Localities: BN, Ngeringerowa, except KNM-BN 1618: lower members of the Ngorora Formation; FT, Fort Ternan; NA, Nakali. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 3. Lower incisors and canine of Kenyapotaminae. A, Kenyapotamus ternani, KNM-TH 31008, right lower canine fragment (left, lingual view; middle, proximal view; right, labial view). B, Kenyapotamus coryndonae, KNM-NA 247, apical fragment of lower incisor (left, lateral view; right, proximal view). C, Kenyapotamus coryndonae, KNM-BN 1289, lower incisor fragment (lateral view). Localities: BN, Ngeringerowa; NA, Nakali; TH, Kipsaramon (Baringo Paleontological Research Project). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 1 in Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae)

Figure 1. Occlusal views of upper dentition in Anthracotheriidae, Hippopotaminae, and palaeochoerids. A, Merycopotamus nanus, alveoli of right I1–C, and right P1–M3 (specimen number: Y47189, repository: Geological Survey of Pakistan, Museum of Natural History in Islamabad, Pakistan – GSP). B, Merycopotamus nanus, left* M2–M3 (Y47189, GSP). C, Anthracotherium sp., right P3–M3 (University of Montpellier 2 cast of ACQ 6608, Ecomusée des Phosphatières, Bach, France). D, Hexaprotodon garyam, right M3 (TM059-01-012, Centre National d'Appui à la recherche, Ndjamena, Chad – CNAR). E, Archaepotamus harvardi, left* P2–M3 (KNM-LP 8731, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi – NMK). F, Ar. harvardi, left* M1–M2 (KNM-LT 23838, NMK). G, Palaeochoerus pusillus, right P4–M3 (Qu 15, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France – MNHN). H, Schizochoerus vallesensis, right P3–M3 (TRQ 1018, MNHN). I, Doliochoerus quercyi, left* M1? (Qu 7092, MNHN). * indicates reversed images for comparison purposes. Localities: Y, Potwar plateau, Pakistan; TM, Toros-Menalla, Chad; TRQ, Yassiören, Turkey; LP, Loperot, Kenya; LT, Lothagam, Kenya; Qu and ACQ, Quercy, France. Scale bars = 1 cm.