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FIGURE 6 in Hindgut Ciliate Composition of Thoroughbred Mares in Kentucky, USA, and Binary Fission in Polymorphella ampulla

FIGURE 6. SEM images of (A)—Tetratoxum parvum m. parvum, (B)—T. parvum m. sulcatum, (C, D)—T. excavatum m. excavatum. C, cleft; P, pore of contractile vacuole; longitudinal grooves (arrowheads). Scale bars: (A)—30 µm, (B)—10 µm, (C)—30 µm, (D)—20 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Hindgut Ciliate Composition of Thoroughbred Mares in Kentucky, USA, and Binary Fission in Polymorphella ampulla

FIGURE 3. SEM images of P. ampulla in binary fission. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; CCZ, caudal ciliary zone; P, pore of contrac- tile vacuole; PR, primordium. Scale bars: (A, B)—20 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Hindgut Ciliate Composition of Thoroughbred Mares in Kentucky, USA, and Binary Fission in Polymorphella ampulla

FIGURE 4. SEM images of (A, B, C)—Holophryoides macrotricha, (D)—Paraisotrichopsis composita. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; C, cytostome; CP, cytoproct; G, groove; P, pore of contractile vacuole; PJ, projection; SCR, somatic ciliary row; paralabial kineties (arrowheads). Scale bars: (A)—10 µm, (B)—4 µm, (C)—10 µm, (D)—20 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Hindgut Ciliate Composition of Thoroughbred Mares in Kentucky, USA, and Binary Fission in Polymorphella ampulla

FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of P. ampulla in binary fission. (A, B)—in MFS, (C, D)—after pyridinated silver carbonate impregnation. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; AK, adoral kineties, CCZ, caudal ciliary zone; CK, caudal kineties, CP, cytoproct; CTV, concretion vacuole; CV, contractile vacuole; MI, micronucleus; MA, macronucleus; PR, primordium, PRK, kineties of primordium.

FIGURE 1 in Hindgut Ciliate Composition of Thoroughbred Mares in Kentucky, USA, and Binary Fission in Polymorphella ampulla

FIGURE 1. SEM figures of Polymorphella ampulla. ACZ, adoral ciliary zone; C, cytostome; CCZ, caudal ciliary zone. Scale bars: (A, B)—10 µm.

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text-fig. 1. Early cladistic hypotheses of the phylogeny of theropod dinosaurs, a, phylogenetic hypothesis of Thulbom (1984). B, the influential hypothesis published by Gauthier (1986). c, composite tree based on Weishampel et al. (1990). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 1. Early cladistic hypotheses of the phylogeny of theropod dinosaurs, a, phylogenetic hypothesis of Thulbom (1984). B, the influential hypothesis published by Gauthier (1986). c, composite tree based on Weishampel et al. (1990).

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text-fig. 6. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Cretaceous OTUs in left lateral view, a, abelisaurid Camotaurus sastrei, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Gorro Frigio Formation, Argentina; based on Bonaparte et al. (1990) and MACN CH 894. b, composite skull of a generalized baryonychid; mainly based on Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GDF 501, 503-506) and Irritator challenged (SMNS 58022), with some elements reconstructed after Baryonyx walkeri (BMNH R 9951). c, carcharodontosaurid Carcharodontosaurus sahariens, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), Kem Kem beds, Morocco; based on Sereno et al. (1996) and SGM-Din 1, unpreserved elements shaded. D, dromaeosaurid Velociraptor mongoliensis, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; based on Barsbold (1983), Barsbold and Osmólska (1999), and AMNH 6515. e, ornithomimosaur Dromiceiomimus brevitertius, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; redrawn from Russell (1972). F, oviraptorosaur Oviraptor philoceratops, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). G, therizinosauroid Erlikosaurus andrewsi, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian- Turonian), Baynshiren Svita, Mongolia; based on Clark et al. (1994). H, tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus libratus, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada, redrawn from Molnar et al. (1990). Abbreviations as in Text-figures 4 and 5, and: acc. op., accessory opening of unknown function in the premaxilla of Oviraptor (Barsbold et al. 1990); amf, anterior maxillary foramen; pn, pneumatic openings. Scale bars represent 50 mm (d-g) and 100 mm (a-c, h). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 6. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Cretaceous OTUs in left lateral view, a, abelisaurid Camotaurus sastrei, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Gorro Frigio Formation, Argentina; based on Bonaparte et al. (1990) and MACN CH 894. b, composite skull of a generalized baryonychid; mainly based on Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GDF 501, 503-506) and Irritator challenged (SMNS 58022), with some elements reconstructed after Baryonyx walkeri (BMNH R 9951). c, carcharodontosaurid Carcharodontosaurus sahariens, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), Kem Kem beds, Morocco; based on Sereno et al. (1996) and SGM-Din 1, unpreserved elements shaded. D, dromaeosaurid Velociraptor mongoliensis, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; based on Barsbold (1983), Barsbold and Osmólska (1999), and AMNH 6515. e, ornithomimosaur Dromiceiomimus brevitertius, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; redrawn from Russell (1972). F, oviraptorosaur Oviraptor philoceratops, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). G, therizinosauroid Erlikosaurus andrewsi, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian- Turonian), Baynshiren Svita, Mongolia; based on Clark et al. (1994). H, tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus libratus, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada, redrawn from Molnar et al. (1990). Abbreviations as in Text-figures 4 and 5, and: acc. op., accessory opening of unknown function in the premaxilla of Oviraptor (Barsbold et al. 1990); amf, anterior maxillary foramen; pn, pneumatic openings. Scale bars represent 50 mm (d-g) and 100 mm (a-c, h).

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text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g).

FIGURE 36 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 36. Superficial bones of upper pectoral girdle showing course of lateral line in: A) Datnioides microlepis, ACG CS632, 30 mm SL; B) Equulites elongatus (Leiognathidae), AMS I.20829-018, 74 mm SL; C) Gazza minuta (Leiognathidae), AMS I.21841-016, 105 mm SL; D) Antigonia rhomboidea, AMS I.15526-006, 45 mm SL; E) Capros aper, BMNH 2016.4.47.169- 172, 51 mm SL. Laterosensory canals are shown in pink or red (where canals pass through supracleithrum in A–C); ventral arm of posttemporal truncated in A,B and D. Abbreviations: EX, extrascapula; PT, posttemporal; SCL, supracleithrum; TLL, trunk lateral line. Scale bars = 2 mm. Illustrations by A.C. Gill.

FIGURE 35 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 35. Anterior portion of dorsal fin and associated axial skeleton of A) Datnioides microlepis ACG CS632, 35 mm SL; B) Heniochus diphruetes (Chaetodontidae), ACG CS476, 47 mm SL; C) Equulites elongatus (Leiognathidae), AMS I.20829- 018, 74 mm SL; D) Capros aper, USNM 320065, 60 mm SL (pectoral girdle removed); E) Acanthurus olivaceus (Acanthuridae), ACG CS130, 39 mm SL. Abbreviations: DPT1, first dorsal pterygiophore; R1, first rib; SN, supraneurals; SOC, supraoccipital. White arrows indicate first neural spine; black arrows indicate vacant interneural spaces; scale bars = 5 mm. Photos by A.C. Gill.

FIGURE 31 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 31. Caudal skeleton of Hapalogenys darwiniensis, paratype, CSIRO H.4069-12, 75.5 mm SL. Methods of presentation follow Figure 29. Illustration by A.C. Gill.

FIGURE 46 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 46. Larva of Leiognathus equulus, 7.2 mm SL, AMS I.43616-037, from Taiwan (reared), after Soars & Leis (2010: fig. 1b). Scale bar is 1 mm. Illustration by J.M. Leis, N. Soars and S.B. Leis.

FIGURE 26 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 26. Dorsal gill arches of A) Antigonia rhomboidea, AMS I.15526-006, 45 mm SL; B) Capros aper, USNM 320065, 60 mm SL; C) Platax orbicularis (Ephippidae), ACG CS497, 27 mm SL; D) Scatophagus argus (Scatophagidae), ACG CS7, 40 mm SL. Gill rakers not shown. Abbreviations and methods of presentation follow Figures 20 and 24. Illustrations by A.C. Gill.

FIGURE 29 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 29. Caudal skeleton of Lobotes surinamensis, ASU 19554, 52 mm SL. Arrows indicate dorsalmost and ventralmost principal caudal-fin rays; cartilage shown in dark grey. Abbreviations: DPUC, dorsal preural cartilage; EP1-3, epurals 1-3; H1, hypural 1; H5, hypural 5; HS, haemal spine; NS, neural spine; PCS, proccurent spur; PH, parhypural; PU2, preural centrum 2; PU4, preural centrum 4; VPUC, ventral preural cartilage; UN1-2, uroneurals 1-2. Illustration by L. Hindes.

FIGURE 30 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 30. Caudal skeleton of Datnioides microlepis, ASU 19552, 43 mm SL. Methods of presentation follow Figure 29. Illustration by L. Hindes.

FIGURE 25 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 25. Dorsal gill arches of A) Heniochus diphruetes (Chaetodontidae), ACG CS476, 47 mm SL; B) Pomacanthus xanthometopon (Pomacanthidae), ACG CS285, 55 mm SL; C) Drepane punctata (Drepaneidae), NTM S.12373-002, 40 mm SL; D) Photolateralis moretoniensis (Leiognathidae), ACG CS 162, 58 mm SL. Gill rakers not shown. Abbreviations and methods of presentation follow Figures 20 and 24. Illustrations by A.C. Gill.

FIGURE 48 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 48. Larva of an unidentified species of Antigonia, 5.9 mm SL, AMS I.31952-001, from the Australian NW Shelf, after Leis & Trnski (2000: fig. 35E). Illustration by J.M. Leis and T. Trnski. Note scales shown only on cheek, in profile ventrally on trunk and in a representative patch above pectoral fin; supraoccipital-spine tip broken.

FIGURE 22 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 22. Right-side pharyngobranchial toothplates in ventral view of representative acanthuriform fishes: A) Hapalogenys darwiniensis, paratype, CSIRO H.4069-12, 75.5 mm SL; B) Lobotes surinamensis, ASU 19554, 52 mm SL; C) Datnioides micolepis, ASU 19552, 43 mm SL; D) Heniochus diphruetes (Chaetodontidae), ACG CS476, 47 mm SL; E) Pomacanthus xanthometopon (Pomacanthidae), ACG CS285, 55 mm SL; F) Drepane punctata (Drepaneidae), NTM S.12373-002, 40 mm SL; G) Photolateralis moretoniensis (Leiognathidae), ACG CS 162, 58 mm SL; H) Antigonia rhomboidea, AMS I.15526-006, 45 mm SL (left side, reversed); I) Capros aper, USNM 320065, 60 mm SL; J) Platax orbicularis (Ephippidae), ACG CS497, 27 mm SL; K) Scatophagus argus (Scatophagidae), ACG CS7, 40 mm SL; L) Siganus spinus (Siganidae), ACG CS572, 61 mm SL; M) Zanclus cornutus (Zanclidae), ACG CS601, 66 mm SL; N) Naso brevirostris (Acanthuridae), ACG CS858, 51 mm SL. Abbreviations: PB2-3 TP, pharygnobranchial 2-3 tooth plates; PB4TP, pharyngobranchial 4 toothplate. Tooth plate orientations refer to in situ positions; anterior to top. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (C, D, F, H, J) or 0.5 mm (A, B, E, G, I, K, L, M, N). Illustrations by A.C. Gill.

FIGURE 28 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 28. Outline drawings in lateral view of interopercle (IOP), retroarticular (RA), anguloarticular (AA), dentary (DEN) and interoperculo-mandibular ligament (IML) of: A) Datnioides micolepis, ASU 19552, 43 mm SL; B) Lobotes surinamensis, ASU 19554, 52 mm SL; C) Hapalogenys darwiniensis, paratype, CSIRO H.4069-12, 75.5 mm SL; D) Heniochus diphruetes (Chaetodontidae), ACG CS476, 47 mm SL; E) Pomacanthus xanthometopon (Pomacanthidae), ACG CS285, 55 mm SL; F) Drepane punctata (Drepaneidae), NTM S.12373-002, 40 mm SL; G) Equulites elongatus (Leiognathidae), AMS I.20829-018, 74 mm SL; H) Antigonia rhomboidea, AMS I.15526-006, 45 mm SL; I) Capros aper BMNH 2016.4.47.169-172, 51 mm SL; J) Platax orbicularis (Ephippidae), ACG CS497, 27 mm SL; K) Scatophagus argus (Scatophagidae), ACG CS7, 40 mm SL; L) Siganus spinus (Siganidae), ACG CS572, 61 mm SL; M) Luvarus imperialis (Luvaridae), USNM 228612, 79.2 mm SL (redrawn from Tyler et al. 1989: fig. 44); N) Zanclus cornutus (Zanclidae), ACG CS601, 66 mm SL; O) Naso brevirostris (Acanthuridae), ACG CS858, 51 mm SL. Dotted lines indicate portion of anguloarticular obscured by dentary. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, O) or 5 mm (C, M, N). Illustrations by A.C. Gill.

FIGURE 23 in Phylogenetic position of the fish genera Lobotes, Datnioides and Hapalogenys, with a reappraisal of acanthuriform composition and relationships based on adult and larval morphology

FIGURE 23. Anterior part of skull of: A) Hapalogenys dampieriensis, CSIRO H 4069-12 (paratype), 75.5 mm SL (right side, reversed); B) Drepane punctata (Drepaneidae), NTM S.12373-002, 40 mm SL (right side reversed); C) Antigonia rhomboidea, AMS I.15526-006, 45 mm SL; D) Capros aper, BMNH 2016.4.27.169-172, 51 mm SL. Cartilage shown in dark grey. Abbreviations: ETH, ethmoid; ETHC, ethmoid cartilage; FR, frontal; LETH, lateral ethmoid; PSPH, parasphenoid; VOM, vomer. Illustrations by A.C. Gill.