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MERRA-2 statM_2d_edi_Nx: 2d, Single-Level, Monthly Extremes Detection Indices V1 (M2SMNXEDI) at GES DISC
M2SMNXEDI (or statM_2d_edi_Nx) is a 2-dimensional monthly data collection for extreme detection indices derived from daily Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2) datasets within each month. V1, the original version of this extreme detection indices data collection, is computed based on the 1981-2010 climatology, covering the period from January 1980 to December 2022. In contrast, V2, the second version, is calculated based on a 30-year climatology (1991-2020), covering the period from January 1980 to the present. This collection consists of indices used to identify or characterize extreme weather events associated with temperature, such as heatwaves and cold spells (e.g., their frequency, duration, and intensity), as well as events associated with precipitation, such as dry days and wet days (e.g., their frequency, duration, and intensity).MERRA-2 is the latest version of global atmospheric reanalysis for the satellite era produced by the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) using the Goddard Earth Observing System Model (GEOS) version 5.12.4. The dataset covers the period of 1980-present, with a latency of ~3 weeks after the end of the previous month.Data Reprocessing: Please check “Records of MERRA-2 Data Reprocessing and Service Changes”, linked from the “Documentation” tab on this page. Note that a reprocessed data filename is different from the original filename.MERRA-2 Mailing List: Sign up to receive information on reprocessing of data, changes to tools and services, as well as data announcements from GMAO. Contact the GES DISC Help Desk (gsfc-dl-help-disc@mail.nasa.gov) to be added to the list.Questions: If you have a question, please read the "MERRA-2 File Specification Document'', “MERRA-2 Data Access – Quick Start Guide”, and FAQs linked from the ”Documentation” tab on this page for more information. If these documents do not answer your question, you may post your question to the NASA Earthdata Forum (forum.earthdata.nasa.gov) or email the GES DISC Help Desk (gsfc-dl-help-disc@mail.nasa.gov).
MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V006
The MOD13A1 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MOD13A1 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD13A1.061) data product.The MOD13A1 Version 6 product provides Vegetation Index (VI) values at a per pixel basis at 500 meter (m) spatial resolution. There are two primary vegetation layers. The first is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is referred to as the continuity index to the existing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) derived NDVI. The second vegetation layer is the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which has improved sensitivity over high biomass regions. The algorithm for this product chooses the best available pixel value from all the acquisitions from the 16 day period. The criteria used is low clouds, low view angle, and the highest NDVI/EVI value. Provided along with the vegetation layers and two quality assurance (QA) layers are reflectance bands 1 (red), 2 (near-infrared), 3 (blue), and 7 (mid-infrared), as well as four observation layers. Known Issues* The following issues have been detected: * Unexpected missing data in the last cycles of each year. * Incorrect instances of "NoData" and spikes in NDVI values. * VI Usefulness Bits are not correctly assigned.* For instances where the VI Quality (bits 0-1) is flagged as good and the VI Usefulness (bits 2-5) indicates the same pixels have the lowest usefulness score, users are advised to disregard the usefulness score. * The incorrect representation of the aerosol quantities (low, average, high) in the Collection 6 MOD09 surface reflectance products may have [impacted](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=86) MOD13 Vegetation Index data products particularly over arid bright surfaces.* [Corrections](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/LSRHighAerosolFlagFinal.pdf) were implemented in Collection 6.1 reprocessing.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=6).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* The 16-day composite VI is generated using the two 8-day composite surface reflectance granules ([MOD09A1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD09A1.006)) in the 16-day period.* This surface reflectance input is based on the minimum blue compositing approach used to generate the 8-day surface reflectance product.* The product format is consistent with the Version 5 product generated using the Level 2 gridded daily surface reflectance product. * A frequently updated long-term global Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) Average Vegetation Index product database is used to fill the gaps in the CMG product suite.
Global Annual Freezing and Thawing Indices, Version 1
The total annual freezing and thawing indices are defined as thecumulative number of degree-days when air temperatures are below andabove zero degrees Celsius. The total annual freezing index has beenwidely used to predict permafrost distribution; estimate themaximum thickness of sea, lake, and river ice, and the maximum depth ofground-frost penetration; and classify snow types. The annual totalthawing index has been used to predict permafrost distribution and toestimate the maximum depth of thaw in frozen ground. Both totalfreezing and thawing indices are important parameters for engineeringdesign in cold regions.Data coverage is global. The data set contains the total annual freezing and thawing indices with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degreeslatitude by 0.5 degrees longitude. Two data files are available, forthe freeze and thaw indices respectively, in flat binary format. Eachfile is approximately 1 MB in size. The total annual freezing andthawing indexes were calculated based upon the monthly mean airtemperature by Legates and Willmott (1990).
ATom: Development of Cloud Indicator Algorithm Using Airborne Observations from CAPS
This dataset is the basis for the development of the Cloud Indicator, a novel algorithm that automatically detects and classifies measurement periods inside clouds. The included data were used in the analysis and development of figures for the related publication. The Cloud Indicator algorithm was developed based on particle size distribution measurements from a second-generation Cloud, Aerosol, and Precipitation Spectrometer (CAPS) combined with measurements of relative humidity and temperature from other sensors, to automatically detect flight sequences in clouds and classify the cloud type. Measurements were collected on 2016-08-20 as part of the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom-1) Campaign and on 2017-04-20 as part of the Absorbing aerosol layers in a changing climate: aging, LIFEtime and dynamics (A-LIFE) project. As an additional criterion for the Cloud Indicator, a cloud-aerosol volume factor was established to ensure a precise and robust distinction between clouds and aerosol layers such as mineral dust or biomass burning to reduce misclassifications. Data are provided in netCDF (*.nc) format.
MODIS/Aqua Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V061
The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Vegetation Indices 16-Day (MYD13A2) Version 6.1 product provides Vegetation Index (VI) values at a per pixel basis at 1 kilometer (km) spatial resolution. There are two primary vegetation layers. The first is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is referred to as the continuity index to the existing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) derived NDVI. The second vegetation layer is the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which has improved sensitivity over high biomass regions. The algorithm for this product chooses the best available pixel value from all the acquisitions from the 16 day period. The criteria used is low clouds, low view angle and the highest NDVI/EVI value. Provided along with the vegetation layers and the two quality assurance (QA) layers are reflectance bands 1 (red), 2 (near-infrared), 3 (blue), and 7 (mid-infrared), as well as four observation layers. Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
MODIS/Aqua Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V061
The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Vegetation Indices 16-Day (MYD13A1) Version 6.1 product provides Vegetation Index (VI) values at a per pixel basis at 500 meter (m) spatial resolution. There are two primary vegetation layers. The first is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is referred to as the continuity index to the existing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) derived NDVI. The second vegetation layer is the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which has improved sensitivity over high biomass regions. The algorithm for this product chooses the best available pixel value from all the acquisitions from the 16 day period. The criteria used is low clouds, low view angle, and the highest NDVI/EVI value. Provided along with the vegetation layers and two quality assurance (QA) layers are reflectance bands 1 (red), 2 (near-infrared), 3 (blue), and 7 (mid-infrared), as well as four observation layers. Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
VIIRS/NPP Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V001
The VNP13A1 VIIRS Version 1 data product was decommissioned on April 8th, 2025. Users are encouraged to use Version 2 data products, which provide [better calibration and consistency](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf) for the end user. VIIRS Version 2 data products are available from both the SNPP ([VNP13A1](https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VNP13A1.002)) and NOAA-20 ([VJ113A1]( https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VJ113A1.002)) satellites.The NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Vegetation Indices (VNP13A1) Version 1 data product provides vegetation indices by a process of selecting the best available pixel over a 16-day acquisition period at 500 meter (m) resolution. The VNP13 data products are designed after the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua Vegetation Indices product suite to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission.The VNP13 algorithm process produces three vegetation indices: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI),the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index-2 (EVI2). NDVI is one of the longest continual remotely sensed time series observations, using both the red and near-infrared (NIR) bands. EVI is a slightly different vegetation index that is more sensitive to canopy cover, while NDVI is more sensitive to chlorophyll. EVI2 is a reformation of the standard 3-band EVI, using the red band and NIR band. This reformation addresses arising issues when comparing VIIRS EVI to other EVI models that do not include a blue band. EVI2 will eventually become the standard EVI. Along with the three Vegetation Indices layers, this product also includes layers for NIR reflectance; three shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance; red, blue, and green reflectance; composite day of year; pixel reliability; relative azimuth, view, and sun angles; and a quality layer. Two low resolution browse images are also available for each VNP13A1 product: EVI and NDVI.Known Issues* The incorrect representation of the aerosol quantities (low, average, high) in the VIIRS Land Surface Reflectance product (VNP09) may have impacted VNP13 Vegetation Index data products particularly over arid bright surfaces.* Corrections were implemented in 2023 with the release of the Version 2 Vegetation Index data products. Users are encouraged to use the improved Version 2 data.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS).
MODIS/Aqua Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V006
The MYD13C1 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MYD13C1 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD13C1.061) data product.The MYD13C1 Version 6 product provides a Vegetation Index (VI) value at a per pixel basis. There are two primary vegetation layers. The first is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which is referred to as the continuity index to the existing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) derived NDVI. The second vegetation layer is the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which has improved sensitivity over high biomass regions.The Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) consists 3,600 rows and 7,200 columns of 5,600 meter (m) pixels. Global MYD13C1 data are cloud-free spatial composites of the gridded 16-day 1 kilometer [MYD13A2](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD13A2.006) data, and are provided as a Level 3 product projected on a 0.05 degree (5,600 m) geographic CMG. The MYD13C1 has data fields for NDVI, EVI, VI QA, reflectance data, angular information, and spatial statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and number of used input pixels at the 0.05 degree CMG resolution. Known Issues* The incorrect representation of the aerosol quantities (low, average, high) in the Collection 6 MYD09 surface reflectance products may have [impacted](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=174) MYD13 Vegetation Index data products particularly over arid bright surfaces.* [Corrections](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/LSRHighAerosolFlagFinal.pdf) were implemented in Collection 6.1 reprocessing.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=6).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* The 16-day composite VI is generated using the two 8-day composite surface reflectance granules ([MYD09A1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD09A1.006)) in the 16-day period.* This surface reflectance input is based on the minimum blue compositing approach used to generate the 8-day surface reflectance product.* The product format is consistent with the Version 5 product generated using the Level 2 gridded daily surface reflectance product. * A frequently updated long-term global CMG Average Vegetation Index product database is used to fill the gaps in the CMG product suite.
HLS Sentinel-2 Multi-spectral Instrument Vegetation Indices Daily Global 30 m V2.0
The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) project provides consistent data products from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) aboard the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellites and the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard Europe’s Copernicus Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C satellites. The combined measurement enables global observations of the land every 2–3 days at 30 meter (m) spatial resolution. The HLSS30 Vegetation Indices (HLSS30_VI) product is derived from Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, and Sentinel-2C MSI data products. Vegetation indices combine specific bands of satellite data to quantify various aspects of vegetation. Analysis of vegetation indices allows for tracking changes in vegetation over time, identifying areas of stress or deforestation, and assessing crop health. Vegetation indices provide a reliable and efficient means of understanding the complex dynamics of vegetation health. The HLSS30_VI and HLSL30_VI products are gridded to the same resolution and Military Grid Reference System ([MGRS](https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/products-description/tiling-system/)) tiling system and thus are “stackable” for time series analysis.The HLSS30_VI product is provided in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, and each band is distributed as a separate file. Nine indicators of vegetation health are included in the HLSS30_VI product: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), Normalized Burn Ratio 2 (NBR2), and Triangular Vegetation Index (TVI). See the User Guide for a more detailed description of the individual vegetation health variables provided in the HLSS30_VI product.
MODIS/Aqua Vegetation Indices Monthly L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V061
The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Vegetation Indices Monthly (MYD13C2) Version 6.1 product provides a Vegetation Index (VI) value at a per pixel basis. There are two primary vegetation layers. The first is the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which is referred to as the continuity index to the existing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) derived NDVI. The second vegetation layer is the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which has improved sensitivity over high biomass regions.The Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) consists of 3,600 rows and 7,200 columns of 5,600 meter (m) pixels. In generating this monthly product, the algorithm ingests all the [MYD13A2](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD13A2.061) products that overlap the month and employs a weighted temporal average. Global MYD13C1 data are cloud-free spatial composites and are provided as a Level 3 product projected on a 0.05 degree (5,600 m) geographic CMG. The MYD13C2 has data fields for the NDVI, EVI, VI QA, reflectance data, angular information, and spatial statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and number of used input pixels at the 0.05 degree CMG resolution. Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
VIIRS/NPP Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V001
The VNP13A2 VIIRS Version 1 data product was decommissioned on April 8th, 2025. Users are encouraged to use Version 2 data products, which provide [better calibration and consistency](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf) for the end user. VIIRS Version 2 data products are available from both the SNPP ([VNP13A2](https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VNP13A2.002)) and NOAA-20 ([VJ113A2]( https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VJ113A2.002)) satellites.The NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Vegetation Indices (VNP13A2) Version 1 data product provides vegetation indices by a process of selecting the best available pixel over a 16-day acquisition period at 1 kilometer (km) resolution. The VNP13 data products are designed after the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua Vegetation Indices product suite to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission.The VNP13 algorithm process produces three vegetation indices: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the Enhanced Vegetation Index-2 (EVI2). NDVI is one of the longest continual remotely sensed time series observations, using both the red and near-infrared (NIR) bands. EVI is a slightly different vegetation index that is more sensitive to canopy cover, while NDVI is more sensitive to chlorophyll. EVI2 is a reformation of the standard 3-band EVI, using the red band and NIR band. This reformation addresses arising issues when comparing VIIRS EVI to other EVI models that do not include a blue band. EVI2 will eventually become the standard EVI. Along with the three Vegetation Indices layers, this product also includes layers for NIR reflectance; three shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance; red, blue, and green reflectance; composite day of year; pixel reliability; relative azimuth, view, and sun angles, and a quality layer. Two low resolution browse images are also available for each VNP13A2 product: EVI and NDVI.Known Issues* The incorrect representation of the aerosol quantities (low, average, high) in the VIIRS Land Surface Reflectance product (VNP09) may have impacted VNP13 Vegetation Index data products particularly over arid bright surfaces.* Corrections were implemented in 2023 with the release of the Version 2 Vegetation Index data products. Users are encouraged to use the improved Version 2 data.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS).
VIIRS/NPP Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V001
The VNP13C1 VIIRS Version 1 data product was decommissioned on April 8th, 2025. Users are encouraged to use Version 2 data products, which provide [better calibration and consistency](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf) for the end user. VIIRS Version 2 data products are available from both the SNPP ([VNP13C1](https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VNP13C1.002)) and NOAA-20 ([VJ113C1]( https://doi.org/10.5067/VIIRS/VJ113C1.002)) satellites.The NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Vegetation Indices (VNP13C1) Version 1 data product provides vegetation indices by a process of selecting the best available pixel over a 16-day acquisition period at 0.05 degree (Deg) resolution. The VNP13 data products are designed after the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua Vegetation Indices product suite to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission.The VNP13 algorithm process produces three vegetation indices: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the Enhanced Vegetation Index-2 (EVI2). NDVI is one of the longest continual remotely sensed time series observations, using both the red and near-infrared (NIR) bands. EVI is a slightly different vegetation index that is more sensitive to canopy cover, while NDVI is more sensitive to chlorophyll. EVI2 is a reformation of the standard 3-band EVI, using the red band and NIR band. This reformation addresses arising issues when comparing VIIRS EVI to other EVI models that do not include a blue band. EVI2 will eventually become the standard EVI. Along with the three Vegetation Indices layers, this product also includes layers for the standard deviations of each Vegetation Index; NIR reflectance; three shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance; red, blue, and green reflectance; number of pixels, number of pixels used; pixel reliability; average sun angle, and a quality layer. Two low resolution browse images are also available for each VNP13C1 product: EVI and NDVI.Known Issues* The incorrect representation of the aerosol quantities (low, average, high) in the VIIRS Land Surface Reflectance product (VNP09) may have impacted VNP13 Vegetation Index data products particularly over arid bright surfaces.* Corrections were implemented in 2023 with the release of the Version 2 Vegetation Index data products. Users are encouraged to use the improved Version 2 data.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS).
Vegetation Index and Phenology (VIP) Vegetation Indices 15Days Global 0.05Deg CMG V004
The NASA Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments ([MEaSUREs](https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/competitive-programs/measures)) Vegetation Index and Phenology (VIP) global datasets were created using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) N07, N09, N11, and N14 datasets (1981 - 1999) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra MOD09 surface reflectance data (2000 - 2014). The VIP Vegetation Index (VI) product was developed to provide consistent measurements of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and modified Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI2) spanning more than 30 years of data from multiple sensors. The EVI2 is a backward extension of AVHRR. Vegetation indices such as NDVI and EVI2 are useful for assessing the biophysical properties of the land surface, and are used to characterize vegetation phenology. Phenology tracks the seasonal life cycle of vegetation, and provides information on the biotic response to environmental changes. The VIP15 VI data product is provided twice monthly at 0.05 degree (5600 meter (m)) spatial resolution in geographic (Lat/Lon) grid format. The data are stored in Hierarchical Data Format-Earth Observing System (HDF-EOS) file format. The VIP15 VI product contains 12 Science Datasets (SDS) which include the calculated VIs (NDVI and EVI2) as well as quality assurance/pixel reliability, the input Visible/Near Infrared (VNIR) surface reflectance data, and viewing geometry. The Blue and Middle Infrared (MIR) surface reflectance data are only available for the MODIS era (2000 - 2014). Gaps in the daily product are filled using long term mean VI records derived from the more than 30 year time series of data, and are indicated as gap-filled in the Pixel Reliability SDS. A low resolution browse image showing NDVI as a color map is also available.The VIP15 dataset includes two composites per month. The first composite is generated from day 1 to 15, and the second composite includes the remaining days of the month. This dataset consists of 24 files per year.Known Issues* The Relative Azimuth Angle (RAA) for the input MODIS data is computed based on absolute values of the finer resolution pixels resulting in positive values and has minor usefulness.* The RAA for the input AVHRR data contain values in the -360° to 360° range. The routine to restrict the values in the -180° to 180° range was accidentally missed and can be corrected using the following routine described in Section 4.2.1 of the User Guide and Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document: * SinRelativeAz=sin(RAA) * CosRelativeAz=cos(RAA) * Correct-RAA = atan2(SinRelativeAz,CosRelativeAz)
VIIRS/NPP Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG V002
The NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Vegetation Indices (VNP13C1) Version 2 data product provides vegetation indices by a process of selecting the best available pixel over a 16-day acquisition period at 0.05 degree (Deg) resolution. The VNP13 data products are designed after the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua Vegetation Indices product suite to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission. The VNP13 algorithm process produces three vegetation indices: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the Enhanced Vegetation Index-2 (EVI2). NDVI is one of the longest continual remotely sensed time series observations, using both the red and near-infrared (NIR) bands. EVI is a slightly different vegetation index that is more sensitive to canopy cover, while NDVI is more sensitive to chlorophyll. EVI2 is a reformation of the standard 3-band EVI, using the red band and NIR band. This reformation addresses arising issues when comparing VIIRS EVI to other EVI models that do not include a blue band. EVI2 will eventually become the standard EVI. Along with the three Vegetation Indices layers, this product also includes layers for the standard deviations of each Vegetation Index; NIR reflectance; three shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance; red, blue, and green reflectance; number of pixels, number of pixels used; pixel reliability; average sun angle, and a quality layer. Two low resolution browse images are also available for each VNP13C1 product: EVI and NDVI.Known Issues* Due to missing critical inputs, this product lacks coverage for tiles h33v07 and h18v14, which are located over water.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS) and the User Guide and ATBD.Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Improved calibration algorithm and coefficients for entire Suomi NPP mission.* Improved geolocation accuracy and applied updates to fix outliers around maneuver periods.* Corrected the aerosol quantity flag (low, average, high) mainly over brighter surfaces in the mid- to high-latitudes such as desert and tropical vegetation areas. This has an impact on the retrieval of other downstream data products such as VNP13 Vegetation Indices and VNP43 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)/Albedo.* Improved cloud mask input product for corrections along coastlines and artifacts from use of coarse resolution climatology data. * Replaced the land/water mask input product with the eight-class land/water mask from the VNP03 geolocation product that better aligns with MODIS.* Modified QA VI Usefulness bits to ignore BRDF flag.* Implemented VI specific land/water mask.* More details can be found in this [VIIRS Land V2 Changes document](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf).
VIIRS/NPP Vegetation Indices Monthly L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V002
The NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Vegetation Indices (VNP13A3) Version 2 data product provides vegetation indices by a process of selecting the best available pixel over a monthly acquisition period at 1 kilometer (km) resolution. The VNP13 data products are designed after the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua Vegetation Indices product suite to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission. The VNP13 algorithm process produces three vegetation indices: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the Enhanced Vegetation Index-2 (EVI2). NDVI is one of the longest continual remotely sensed time series observations, using both the red and near-infrared (NIR) bands. EVI is a slightly different vegetation index that is more sensitive to canopy cover, while NDVI is more sensitive to chlorophyll. EVI2 is a reformation of the standard 3-band EVI, using the red band and NIR band. This reformation addresses arising issues when comparing VIIRS EVI to other EVI models that do not include a blue band. EVI2 will eventually become the standard EVI. Along with the three Vegetation Indices layers, this product also includes layers for NIR reflectance; three shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance; red, blue, and green reflectance; pixel reliability; pixel reliability; relative azimuth, view, and sun angles; and a quality layer. Two low resolution browse images are also available for each VNP13A3 product: EVI and NDVI.Known Issues* Due to missing critical inputs, this product lacks coverage for tiles h33v07 and h18v14, which are located over water.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS) and the User Guide and ATBD.Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Improved calibration algorithm and coefficients for entire Suomi NPP mission.* Improved geolocation accuracy and applied updates to fix outliers around maneuver periods.* Corrected the aerosol quantity flag (low, average, high) mainly over brighter surfaces in the mid- to high-latitudes such as desert and tropical vegetation areas. This has an impact on the retrieval of other downstream data products such as VNP13 Vegetation Indices and VNP43 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)/Albedo.* Improved cloud mask input product for corrections along coastlines and artifacts from use of coarse resolution climatology data. * Replaced the land/water mask input product with the eight-class land/water mask from the VNP03 geolocation product that better aligns with MODIS.* Modified QA VI Usefulness bits to ignore BRDF flag.* Implemented VI specific land/water mask.* More details can be found in this [VIIRS Land V2 Changes document](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf).
NASA-SSH ENSO Sea Surface Height Indicator
This file contains an indicator for the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), based on satellite observations of sea surface height anomaly, measured by radar altimeter missions such as TOPEX/Poseidon, the Jason series, and Sentinel-6. The indicator values were calculated using NASA-SSH Simple Gridded Sea Surface Height from Standardized Reference Missions Only Version 1 https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/NASA_SSH_REF_SIMPLE_GRID_V1 . <br><br>Indicator values were calculated using cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions (CSEOFs; Kim et al., 2015) computed by decomposing the gridded sea surface height anomalies over the time period from 1993 to 2019. After removing the linear trend from each individual gridded location, three sets of regional CSEOFs were generated, one each for ENSO, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Indian Ocean Diode (IOD). In each case, the dominant statistical mode represents the seasonal cycle. The second most dominant mode represents the variability explained by each respective indicator and is referred to as the “indicator mode”. The seasonal mode and indicator mode are then projected onto the along-track sea surface height anomalies to produce the indicator time series through the most current date. In this case, the ENSO mode was used to produce the time series contained in this file.<br><br>The file with the filename "NASA_SSH_ENSO_INDICATOR.txt" is always the most up-to-date time series containing the most recent data.
VIIRS/NPP Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V002
The NASA/NOAA Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Vegetation Indices (VNP13A1) Version 2 data product provides vegetation indices by a process of selecting the best available pixel over a 16-day acquisition period at 500 meter (m) resolution. The VNP13 data products are designed after the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua Vegetation Indices product suite to promote the continuity of the Earth Observation System (EOS) mission. The VNP13 algorithm process produces three vegetation indices: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index-2 (EVI2). NDVI is one of the longest continual remotely sensed time series observations, using both the red and near-infrared (NIR) bands. EVI is a slightly different vegetation index that is more sensitive to canopy cover, while NDVI is more sensitive to chlorophyll. EVI2 is a reformation of the standard 3-band EVI, using the red band and NIR band. This reformation addresses arising issues when comparing VIIRS EVI to other EVI models that do not include a blue band. EVI2 will eventually become the standard EVI. Along with the three Vegetation Indices layers, this product also includes layers for NIR reflectance; three shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance; red, blue, and green reflectance; composite day of year; pixel reliability; relative azimuth, view, and sun angles; and a quality layer. Two low resolution browse images are also available for each VNP13A1 product: EVI and NDVI.Known Issues* Due to missing critical inputs, this product lacks coverage for tiles h33v07 and h18v14, which are located over water.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=VIIRS) and the User Guide and ATBD. Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Improved calibration algorithm and coefficients for entire Suomi NPP mission.* Improved geolocation accuracy and applied updates to fix outliers around maneuver periods.* Corrected the aerosol quantity flag (low, average, high) mainly over brighter surfaces in the mid- to high-latitudes such as desert and tropical vegetation areas. This has an impact on the retrieval of other downstream data products such as VNP13 Vegetation Indices and VNP43 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)/Albedo.* Improved cloud mask input product for corrections along coastlines and artifacts from use of coarse resolution climatology data. * Replaced the land/water mask input product with the eight-class land/water mask from the VNP03 geolocation product that better aligns with MODIS.* Modified QA VI Usefulness bits to ignore BRDF flag.* Implemented VI specific land/water mask.* More details can be found in this [VIIRS Land V2 Changes document](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/VIIRS_Land_C2_Changes_09152022.pdf).
S-NPP CrIS IMG_COL: Array indices for collocated VIIRS observations V2 (SNDRSNCrISL1BIMGC) at GES DISC
The Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) Level 1B Normal Spectral Resolution (NSR) data files contain radiance measurements along with ancillary spacecraft, instrument, and geolocation data of the CrIS instrument on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Project (SNPP). In December 2014, the CrIS instrument on the SNPP satellite doubled the spectral resolution of shortwave infrared data being transmitted to the ground. In November 2015, additional points were included at the ends of the longwave and shortwave interferograms to improve the quality of the calibration. Prior to November 2, 2015 the data are only available in Normal Spectral Resolution, after November 2, 2015 at 16:06 UTC, the data are available in both NSR and Full Spectral Resolution (FSR). The NSR files have 1,317 channels: 163 shortwave channels from 3.9 to 4.7 microns (2555 to 2150 cm-1), 437 midwave channels from 5.7 to 8.05 microns (1752.5 to 1242.5 cm-1), and 717 longwave channels from 9.1 to 15.41 microns (1096.25 to 648.75 cm-1). Each CrIS field-of-regard (FOR) contains 9 field-of-views (FOVs) arranged in a 3X3 array. The Level 1B files contain 30 FORs in the cross track direction and 45 in the along track direction. Data products are constructed on six minute boundaries.The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) has 22 imaging and radiometric bands covering wavelengths from 0.41 to 12.5 microns. It provides the sensor data records for clouds, sea surface temperature, ocean color, and others. This IMG_COL product contains the colocation indices of the VIIRS pixels within each CrIS footprint.
NASA-SSH PDO Sea Surface Height Indicator
This file contains an indicator for the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), based on satellite observations of sea surface height anomaly, measured by radar altimeter missions such as TOPEX/Poseidon, the Jason series, and Sentinel-6. The indicator values were calculated using NASA-SSH Simple Gridded Sea Surface Height from Standardized Reference Missions Only Version 1 https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/NASA_SSH_REF_SIMPLE_GRID_V1 . <br><br>Indicator values were calculated using cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions (CSEOFs; Kim et al., 2015) computed by decomposing the gridded sea surface height anomalies over the time period from 1993 to 2019. After removing the linear trend from each individual gridded location, three sets of regional CSEOFs were generated, one each for El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the PDO and Indian Ocean Diode (IOD). In each case, the dominant statistical mode represents the seasonal cycle. The second most dominant mode represents the variability explained by each respective indicator and is referred to as the “indicator mode”. The seasonal mode and indicator mode are then projected onto the along-track sea surface height anomalies to produce the indicator time series through the most current date. In this case, the PDO mode was used to produce the time series contained in this file.<br><br>The file with the filename "NASA_SSH_PDO_INDICATOR.txt" is always the most up-to-date time series containing the most recent data.
MODIS/Aqua Vegetation Indices Monthly L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V061
The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Vegetation Indices (MYD13A3) Version 6.1 data are provided monthly at 1 kilometer (km) spatial resolution as a gridded Level 3 product in the sinusoidal projection. In generating this monthly product, the algorithm ingests all the [MYD13A2](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD13A2.061) products that overlap the month and employs a weighted temporal average. The MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) complements NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) NDVI products and provides continuity for time series historical applications. MODIS also includes an Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) that minimizes canopy background variations and maintains sensitivity over dense vegetation conditions. The EVI uses the blue band to remove residual atmosphere contamination caused by smoke and sub-pixel thin clouds. The MODIS NDVI and EVI products are computed from surface reflectances corrected for molecular scattering, ozone absorption, and aerosols.Vegetation indices are used for global monitoring of vegetation conditions and are used in products displaying land cover and land cover changes. These data may be used as input for modeling global biogeochemical and hydrologic processes as well as global and regional climate. Additional applications include characterizing land surface biophysical properties and processes, such as primary production and land cover conversion.Provided along with the vegetation layers and the two quality assurance (QA) layers are reflectance bands 1 (red), 2 (near-infrared), 3 (blue), and 7 (mid-infrared), as well as three observation layers.Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.