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Figures 176-187 from: Maddison WP, Beattie I, Marathe K, Ng PYC, Kanesharatnam N, Benjamin SP, Kunte K (2020) A phylogenetic and taxonomic review of baviine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Baviini). ZooKeys 1004: 27-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.57526
Figures 176-187 Padillothorax mulu sp. nov. 176 male left palp, ventral view (holotype IDWM.20009) 177 same, retrolateral view of tibia 178 epigyne, ventral (specimen SWK12-EP0105) 179 vulva, dorsal 180–183 Male (SWK-2556) 184–187 female (SWK12-2574). Scale bars: on genitalia 0.1 mm; on bodies 1.0 mm.
Figures 151-157 from: Maddison WP, Beattie I, Marathe K, Ng PYC, Kanesharatnam N, Benjamin SP, Kunte K (2020) A phylogenetic and taxonomic review of baviine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Baviini). ZooKeys 1004: 27-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.57526
Figures 151-157 Stagetillus irri sp. nov. 151 male paratype IDWM.20022, left palp, ventral view 152 same, retrolateral view 153 female paratype S202, epigyne, ventral 154 same, vulva, dorsal. 155–156 male holotype IDWM.20023 157 female paratype IDWM.20014. Scale bars: on epigyne 0.1 mm; on body 1.0 mm.
Figures 80-92 from: Maddison WP, Beattie I, Marathe K, Ng PYC, Kanesharatnam N, Benjamin SP, Kunte K (2020) A phylogenetic and taxonomic review of baviine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Baviini). ZooKeys 1004: 27-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.57526
Figures 80-92 Indopadilla kahariana. 80 male left palp, ventral view (Mulu Nat. Pk., 4.045°N, 114.816°E) 81 Same, retrolateral view of tibia 82 epigyne, ventral (specimen SWK12-1876) 83 vulva, dorsal 83–88 male (SWK12-1163) 89–92 Female (SWK12-1876). Distance between substrate grooves 10 mm. Scale bars: on genitalia 0.1 mm.
Figures 64-75 from: Maddison WP, Beattie I, Marathe K, Ng PYC, Kanesharatnam N, Benjamin SP, Kunte K (2020) A phylogenetic and taxonomic review of baviine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Baviini). ZooKeys 1004: 27-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.57526
Figures 64-75 Bavia nessagyna sp. nov. 64 male left palp, ventral view (holotype IDWM.20005) 65 same, retrolateral view of tibia 66 epigyne, ventral (specimen IDWM.20003) 67 vulva, dorsal 68, 69 male (specimen SWK12-4726) 70–72 male (specimen SWK12-0590) 73–75 female (specimen SWK12-4087). Distance between substrate grooves 10 mm. Scale bars: on genitalia 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 10–13 in Description of two new species of the jumping spider genus Pancorius Simon 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Southwest China
FIGURES 10–13. Pancorius candidus sp. nov., living habitus of male (10–11) and female (12–13).
Evolutionary divergences mirror Pleistocene paleodrainages in a rapidly-evolving complex of oasis-dwelling jumping spiders (Salticidae, Habronattus tarsalis)
<p>We aimed to understand the diversification history of jumping spiders in the <i>Habronattus tarsalis</i> species complex, with particular emphasis on how history in this system might illuminate biogeographic patterns and processes in deserts of the western United States. Desert populations of <i>H. tarsalis</i> are now confined to highly discontinuous oasis-like habitats, but these habitats would have been periodically more connected during multiple pluvial periods of the Pleistocene. We estimated divergence times using relaxed molecular clock analyses of published transcriptome datasets. Geographic patterns of diversification history were assessed using phylogenetic and cluster analyses of original sequence capture, RADSeq and morphological data. Clock analyses of multiple replicate transcriptome datasets indicate mid- to late-Pleistocene divergence dates within the <i>H. tarsalis</i> group complex. Coalescent and concatenated phylogenetic analyses <span><span>indicate</span></span><span> </span>four early-diverging lineages (<i>H. mustaciata</i>, <i>H. ophrys</i>, and <i>H. tarsalis</i> from the Lahontan and Owens drainage basins), with remaining samples separated into larger clades from the Mojave desert, and western populations from the California Floristic Province of California and northern Baja California. Focusing on desert populations, there is a strong correspondence between RAD lineages and modern and/or paleodrainages, mirrored more finely in STRUCTURE and machine learning results. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis reveals a strong congruence between morphological clusters and genetic lineages, whether the latter represent previously described species or <i>H.tarsalis </i>RAD lineages. Here we have uncovered a system that adds to our regional biogeographic knowledge in unique ways, using multiple types of evidence in a broadly-distributed terrestrial taxon. At the same time, we have discovered rapid evolution of both novel morphological forms and diverging genetic lineages. The hierarchical nature of variation in the <i>H. tarsalis</i> complex, the minute range sizes of many forms, the high likelihood that geographic distributions have shrunk and expanded through time, and signs of introgression all align with an ephemeral speciation model.</p>
Data from: Pleistocene survival on central Alpine nunataks: genetic evidence from the jumping bristletail Machilis pallida
Mechanisms of survival during the Pleistocene glaciation periods have been studied for more than a century. Until now, molecular studies that confirmed animal survival on Alpine nunataks, i.e., ice-free summits surrounded by glaciers, were restricted to peripheral areas. Here, we search for molecular signatures of inner-Alpine survival of the narrow-endemic and putatively parthenogenetic Alpine jumping bristletail Machilis pallida combining mitochondrial and AFLP data from its three known populations. The mitochondrial data indicate survival on both peripheral and central nunataks, the latter suggesting that refugia in the centre of the Alpine main ridge were more widespread than previously recognised. Incongruences between mitochondrial and AFLP patterns suggest a complex evolutionary history of the species and may be explained via parallel fixation of parthenogenesis of different origins during the Last Glacial Maximum. We suggest that the inferred parthenogenesis may have been essential for central-nunatak survival, but may pose a serious threat for M. pallida in consideration of the present climatic changes.
Data from: Inference of evolutionary jumps in large phylogenies using Lévy processes
While it is now widely accepted that the rate of phenotypic evolution may not necessarily be constant across large phylogenies, the frequency and phylogenetic position of periods of rapid evolution remain unclear. In his highly influential view of evolution, G. G. Simpson supposed that such evolutionary jumps occur when organisms transition into so called new adaptive zones, for instance after dispersal into a new geographic area, after rapid climatic changes, or following the appearance of an evolutionary novelty. Only recently, large, accurate and well calibrated phylogenies have become available that allow testing this hypothesis directly, yet inferring evolutionary jumps remains computationally very challenging. Here, we develop a computationally highly efficient algorithm to accurately infer the rate and strength of evolutionary jumps as well as their phylogenetic location. Following previous work we model evolutionary jumps as a compound process, but introduce a novel approach to sample jump configurations that does not require matrix inversions and thus naturally scales to large trees. We then make use of this development to infer evolutionary jumps in Anolis lizards and Loriinii parrots where we find strong signal for such jumps at the basis of clades that transitioned into new adaptive zones, just as postulated by Simpson's hypothesis.
Data from: Jumping without slipping: leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) possess special tarsal structures for jumping from smooth surfaces
Many hemipteran bugs can jump explosively from plant substrates, which can be very smooth. We therefore analysed the jumping performance of froghoppers (Philaenus spumarius, Aphrophoridae) and leafhoppers (Aphrodes bicinctus/makarovi, Cicadellidae) taking off from smooth (glass) and rough (sandpaper, 30 µm asperity size) surfaces. On glass, the propulsive hind legs of Philaenus froghoppers slipped, resulting in uncontrolled jumps with a fast forward spin, a steeper angle and only a quarter of the velocity compared with jumps from rough surfaces. By contrast, Aphrodes leafhoppers took off without their propulsive hind legs slipping, and reached low take-off angles and high velocities on both substrates. This difference in jumping ability from smooth surfaces can be explained not only by the lower acceleration of the long-legged leafhoppers, but also by the presence of 2–9 soft pad-like structures (platellae) on their hind tarsi, which are absent in froghoppers. High-speed videos of jumping showed that platellae contact the surface briefly (approx. 3 ms) during the acceleration phase. Friction force measurements on individual hind tarsi on glass revealed that at low sliding speeds, both pushing and pulling forces were small, and insufficient to explain the recorded jumps. Only when the tarsi were pushed with higher velocities did the contact area of the platellae increase markedly, and high friction forces were produced, consistent with the observed jumps. Our findings show that leafhoppers have special adhesive footpads for jumping from smooth surfaces, which achieve firm grip and rapid control of attachment/detachment by combining anisotropic friction with velocity dependence.
Data from: Host-jump drives rapid and recent ecological speciation of the emergent fungal pathogen Colletotrichum kahawae
Ecological speciation through host-shift has been proposed as a major route for the appearance of novel fungal pathogens. The growing awareness of their negative impact on global economies and public health created an enormous interest in identifying the factors that are most likely to promote their emergence in nature. In this work, a combination of pathological, molecular and geographic data was used to investigate the recent emergence of the fungus Colletotrichum kahawae (Ck). Ck emerged as a specialist pathogen causing Coffee Berry Disease in Coffea arabica, due to its unparalleled adaptation of infecting green coffee berries. Contrary to current hypotheses, our results suggest that a recent host-jump underlay the speciation of Ck from a generalist group of fungi seemingly harmless to coffee berries. We posit that immigrant inviability and a predominantly asexual behavior could have been instrumental in driving speciation by creating pleiotropic interactions between local adaptation and reproductive patterns. Moreover, we estimate that Ck began its diversification at less than 2,200 yrs leaving a very short time frame since the divergence from its sibling lineage (∼5,600 yrs), during which a severe drop in Ck's effective population size occurred. This further supports a scenario of recent introduction and subsequent adaptation to C. arabica. Phylogeographic data revealed low levels of genetic polymorphism but provided the first geographically consistent population structure of Ck, inferring the Angolan population as the most ancestral and the East African populations as the most recently derived. Altogether, these results highlight the significant role of host specialization and asexuality in the emergence of fungal pathogens through ecological speciation.
Data from: Take this broken tail and learn to jump: the ability to recover from reduced in-air stability in tailless green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis [Squamata: Dactyloidae])
Locomotion is involved in various fitness related tasks, such as foraging, acquiring mates and escaping from predators. Despite the importance of locomotor performance in determining fitness, animals often encounter situations in nature during which their locomotor performance is severely compromised. For animals that actively discard appendages as an antipredator strategy, the loss of appendages can cause a severe reduction in locomotor performance. However, whether animals can compensate for the impact on locomotor performance after autotomy is still unclear. A previous study has shown that tailless green anole lizards suffered from reduced in-air stability during jumping. In this study, we monitored jump kinematics in three groups of Anolis carolinensis for five consecutive weeks to test two hypotheses. First, whether tailless green anoles can recover from reduced in-air stability before their tails can regenerate. Second, whether gaining locomotor experience facilitates locomotor recovery. Our results revealed extensive individual variation in the ability to compensate for reduced in-air stability. Some individuals did improve in-air stability during the study period, whereas others showed no sign of improvement. Moreover, the acquisition of locomotor experience did not facilitate the recovery process. Our findings suggested that tail autotomy in green anoles likely imposes a long-term fitness disadvantage. The utility of other compensatory mechanisms, such as altering behavior, might play a role in natural populations to minimize the impact of autotomy on individual fitness. Our findings also shed some light on the independent evolutionary losses of the ability to autotomize within lizards. Comparative studies which test whether species that autotomize more frequently/easily can better compensate for the effect of autotomy would be a fruitful direction of future research.
Data from: Mandible-powered escape jumps in trap-jaw ants increase survival rates during predator-prey encounters
Animals use a variety of escape mechanisms to increase the probability of surviving predatory attacks. Antipredator defenses can be elaborate, making their evolutionary origin unclear. Trap-jaw ants are known for their rapid and powerful predatory mandible strikes, and some species have been observed to direct those strikes at the substrate, thereby launching themselves into the air away from a potential threat. This potential escape mechanism has never been examined in a natural context. We studied the use of mandible-powered jumping in Odontomachus brunneus during their interactions with a common ant predator: pit-building antlions. We observed that while trap-jaw ant workers escaped from antlion pits by running in about half of interactions, in 15% of interactions they escaped by mandible-powered jumping. To test whether escape jumps improved individual survival, we experimentally prevented workers from jumping and measured their escape rate. Workers with unrestrained mandibles escaped from antlion pits significantly more frequently than workers with restrained mandibles. Our results indicate that some trap-jaw ant species can use mandible-powered jumps to escape from common predators. These results also provide a charismatic example of evolutionary co-option, where a trait that evolved for one function (predation) has been co-opted for another (defense).
Data from: Phylogenetic placement of the unusual jumping spider Depreissia Lessert, and a new synapomorphy uniting Hisponinae and Salticinae (Araneae, Salticidae)
The relationships of the unusual salticid spider Depreissia from central Africa and Borneo have been difficult to resolve, obscured by its highly modified ant-like body. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene 28S strongly supports its placement outside the major clade Salticinae and within the clade of cocalodines, spartaeines and lapsiines, with weaker support for a relationship with the cocalodines in particular. Excluding the genus from the Salticinae is supported also by the presence of a median apophysis on the male palp, and by the lack of a cymbial apical groove cradling the tip of embolus, which is newly presented here as a synapomorphy of Hisponinae plus Salticinae.
Data from: Divergence and reticulation among montane populations of a jumping spider (Habronattus pugillis Griswold)
Populations of the jumping spider Habronattus pugillis Griswold isolated on nearby mountain ranges in southern Arizona are differentiated in many features of the males (color, shape and orientation of setae on face, shape of carapace, markings of palpi and legs, motions during courtship behavior). These features are (mostly) consistent within a range and different between ranges. The concentration of differences to male courtship behavior and body parts exposed to the female during courtship and correlations between form and courtship behavior suggest sexual selection was involved in the differentiation. A phylogenetic analysis of the populations yields a tree that for the most part groups geographic neighbors, but the history of H. pugillis populations may not be adequately described by a tree. Geographic proximity of apparent convergences suggests that populations from at least some of the mountain ranges acquired characteristics through introgression. Lowering of the woodland habitat during the last glacial period probably brought some populations into contact, but it is not clear if the interrange woodlands would have provided corridors for extensive mixing.
FIGURES 31–36. Tabuina varirata, new species. 31, 32, 34 Holotype male. 33, 35, 36 in New cocalodine jumping spiders from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae: Cocalodinae)
FIGURES 31–36. Tabuina varirata, new species. 31, 32, 34 Holotype male. 33, 35, 36 Paratype female.
FIGURES 68–71 in New cocalodine jumping spiders from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae: Cocalodinae)
FIGURES 68–71. Walking poses of Cucudeta species. 68–69 C. zabkai, male. 70–71 C. uzet, female.
FIGURE 1 in A Review of the Jumping Spider Fauna (Araneae: Salticidae) of Chile
FIGURE 1. Characters and measurements taken from specimens. See Methods for abbreviations.
FIGURE 7 in Description of three new species of the tropical Asian jumping spider genus Onomastus Simon, 1900 from high altitude cloud forests of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae)
FIGURE 7. Onomastus maskeliya sp. nov. from Upcott. A–B. Male in life. C–D. Female in life.
FIGURES 1–2 in Description of Macutula, a new genus of jumping spiders from Northeastern Brazil (Araneae: Salticidae: Amycoida)
FIGURES 1–2. Macutula aracoiaba sp. nov. 1 male habitus; 2 female habitus.
FIGURE 50 in Proszynellus — a new jumping spider genus from Australia (Araneae: Salticidae)
FIGURE 50. Records and predicted distribution of Proszynellus.
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