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FIGURE 1 in A new wave of Mesoamerican bumblebees? Revising the weisi-complex to reject numts and pseudospecies (Apidae: Bombus)

FIGURE 1. Histogram of frequency of the bases A and T at codon position 3 (AT3%) for the COI barcode-like sequences in Fig. 2, with the expected high-bias AT3% sequences (≥98%) interpreted as orthologous COI barcodes (black) and lower AT3% sequences interpreted as likely numts of varying divergence (orange for the more recent numts; red for the older, more divergent numts; see the text for details of the distinguishing criteria).

FIGURE 2 in A new wave of Mesoamerican bumblebees? Revising the weisi-complex to reject numts and pseudospecies (Apidae: Bombus)

FIGURE 2. Support for apparent species' gene coalescents from unique haplotypes for COI barcode-like sequences including numts (nuclear copies of mitochondrial sequences), obtained from an evolutionary tree estimated with MRBAYES and using maximum likelihood to fit Poisson-Tree-Process (PTP) models. Numbers at each node show the probability that all daughter sequences to the right are parts of a single unique species. Branches change from blue to red at the node with the best fit (maximum local probability) for the change from inter-species to intraspecies branching PTP models (species' coalescent nodes). Sequence labels include: sequence length in number of bases; taxon name; country in capitals (if not shown then MEXICO) and province; sequence identification code (E# = ECOSUR#). Sequence labels are followed by the percentage of the bases A and T at the third codon position, where low scores (≤97.6%) are likely to indicate numts. Labels for sequences interpreted as likely lower-divergence numts are shown in orange and for likely higher-divergence numts are shown in red (see Fig. 1). The scale bar represents branch length on the tree in substitutions per nucleotide.

FIGURE 6 in A new wave of Mesoamerican bumblebees? Revising the weisi-complex to reject numts and pseudospecies (Apidae: Bombus)

FIGURE 6. Map showing the distributions of samples examined for this study of the weisi-complex: (white spots) taxon nigrodorsalis s. str. (=B. nigrodorsalis stat. rev.); (grey spots) taxon montezumae (=B. weisi stat. rev.); and (black spots) taxon weisi s. str. (=B. weisi stat. rev.). Larger symbols with spots in their centres show locations from which specimens were sequenced for each taxon. Spherical projection with international boundaries as recognized by the UN shown as grey lines. Map projected in ArcGIS using the World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 ESRI.

FIGURE 3 in A new wave of Mesoamerican bumblebees? Revising the weisi-complex to reject numts and pseudospecies (Apidae: Bombus)

FIGURE 3. Support for species' gene coalescents from unique haplotypes for COI barcode (orthologous) sequences excluding likely numts (orange and red bars and labels in Figs 1‒2), obtained from an evolutionary tree estimated with MRBAYES and using maximum likelihood to fit Poisson-Tree-Process (PTP) models. Numbers at nodes, treebranch colours, sequence labels, and scale bar as in Fig. 2.

FIGURES 4‒5 in A new wave of Mesoamerican bumblebees? Revising the weisi-complex to reject numts and pseudospecies (Apidae: Bombus)

FIGURES 4‒5. Male genitalia of (4) B. nigrodorsalis and (5) B. weisi from the right lateral aspect, with posterior extremities at the top of the images and dorsal parts to the right of the images.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

The South American Black Bumblebee (Bombus pauloensis) as a Potential Pollinator of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Abstract of the manuscript: We assessed if the commercially reared South American bumblebee Bombus pauloensis has potential as an alfalfa pollinator by monitoring their colony activity daily. We analyzed the pollen collected by using pollen traps specifically designed for B. pauloensis nests and counted the number of bumblebees in the crop. As results, colony activity was found to be highest during the mornings, 65% of the pollen trap samples analyzed contained alfalfa pollen grains, and 60% of the total pollen loads were identified as alfalfa pollen. Although the honey bee was the predominant pollinator observed in the crop, the high percentage of alfalfa pollen found in the pollen traps of B. pauloensis nests suggests that this species could be considered a potential managed pollinator for alfalfa crops.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Ecological stoichiometry of bumblebees in agricultural landscapes

We compared reproductive success, body concentration of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and C/N ratio, each considered as indicators of stress, in the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). Bumblebee hives were placed in oilseed rape fields and apple orchards.

Figure 5 in In a group of its own? Rediscovery of one of the world's rarest and highest mountain bumblebees, Bombus tanguticus

Figure 5. Bayesian estimate of phylogeny from COI barcodes for all of the recently accepted species of the subgenus Melanobombus worldwide (excluding B. rufipes) and (in grey) selected outgroups. Values next to nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support from the BEAST analysis from 100 million MCMC generations with a 1% burn-in. Sample labels show sequence length, taxon name, sequence number from GenBank or BOLD, the country and (for larger countries) province from which each sample originated.

Figure 1 in In a group of its own? Rediscovery of one of the world's rarest and highest mountain bumblebees, Bombus tanguticus

Figure 1. Left lateral aspect of a queen of Bombus tanguticus collected during the 1921 Everest Expedition at an elevation of 18,500 ft (c. 5640 m) asl. The scale bar shows intervals of 1 mm.

Figure 3 in In a group of its own? Rediscovery of one of the world's rarest and highest mountain bumblebees, Bombus tanguticus

Figure 3. Map of the entire global distribution of B. tanguticus from specimens examined and confirmed here, combining the record from the 1887 description in the north-east (star), with eight twentieth-century records mainly from the Himalayan region (spots), with two twenty-first-century records from recent surveys in the north-east (squares). Black symbols: yellow-banded individuals; white symbol: white-banded individual. Relief map with hill shading for the region centred on Tibet with (black lines) borders to national administration as in UN maps and (grey lines) a 10° × 10° grid. Image created in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 Esri.

Figure 2 in In a group of its own? Rediscovery of one of the world's rarest and highest mountain bumblebees, Bombus tanguticus

Figure 2. Dorsal aspect of workers of Bombus tanguticus collected: from (a) Xiangpishan, Qinghai, c. 3780‒3790 m, 30 August 2010; and from (b) near the Kunlun pass, Qinghai, c. 4610 m, 13 August 2013. The scale bars show intervals of 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedOct 2016View details →

Figure 3 in Hitchhiking with the Vikings? The anthropogenic bumblebee fauna of Iceland - past and present

Figure 3. New queens of Bombus hortorum foraging for nectar and pollen on Aconitum sp., Botanic Gardens, Reykjavik, 30 July 2015. Note mites near the wing bases (centre), and the long tongue (right). (Photos: Oliver Prŷs-Jones.)

Figure 5 in Cryptic subarctic diversity: a new bumblebee species from the Yukon and Alaska (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figure 5. Estimate of the phylogenetic tree for the species of the subgenus Alpinobombus (Table 1), from a linked-tree BEAST analysis of COI sequences and PEPCK exon and intron sequences for each species (Williams et al. 2015), showing the relationships of Bombus kluanensis sp. nov. Values above the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities showing branch support. Values below the nodes are estimated dates of divergence in Ma (millions of years before the present) calibrated from a molecular estimate for the date of divergence between the subgenus Alpinobombus and the subgenus Bombus s. str. (Hines 2008). Grey bars show the 95% confidence limits on the estimated dates of divergence.

opennotspecifiedOct 2016View details →

Figure 2 in Hitchhiking with the Vikings? The anthropogenic bumblebee fauna of Iceland - past and present

Figure 2. Bombus jonellus nests. The white arrow indicates the unopened nest ball of Nest 1 (made up of dead plant material surrounding the nesting cavity). Further details for each of these nests are given in Table 1. (Photos: Oliver Prŷs-Jones.)

Figure 3 in Cryptic subarctic diversity: a new bumblebee species from the Yukon and Alaska (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figure 3. Photo of the holotype queen of Bombus kluanensis sp. nov. from the right lateral aspect (scale bar marked in mm), image reversed, collected from 2000 m on Outpost Mountain (60.9502°N, 138.4320°W), Yukon, 18 June 2010. Photo by Harry Taylor, © NHM digital imaging unit.

Figure 2 in Cryptic subarctic diversity: a new bumblebee species from the Yukon and Alaska (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figure 2. Sites with one or more records of Bombus kluanensis sp. nov. shown as black spots for the material examined, with white spots for samples with COI sequences, and grey crosses for sites with one or more records of all other species of the subgenus Alpinobombus within the region combined. Map with polar projection, with relief and hill shading, and with national boundaries and the Arctic Circle shown as narrow grey lines. Image created in ArcGIS using World_Shaded_Relief basemap which is © 2014 ESRI.

Figure 4 in Cryptic subarctic diversity: a new bumblebee species from the Yukon and Alaska (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figure 4. Photo of the holotype queen of Bombus kluanensis sp. nov. (as in Figure 3) showing detail of the left 'cheek' (oculo-malar) area between the ventral part of the compound eye and the dorsal part of the mandible. Photo by Harry Taylor, © NHM digital imaging unit.

Figure 1 in Cryptic subarctic diversity: a new bumblebee species from the Yukon and Alaska (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figure 1. Plot of measurements of mandibular basal breadth (x-axis) against oculo-malar distance (y-axis) for females (n = 62). Each symbol represents pairs of measurements from one or more specimens, with circles for workers and squares for queens. k: specimens identified from their COI barcodes as Bombus kluanensis sp. nov.; n: specimens identified from their COI barcodes as B. neoboreus; the primary type specimens for these two names are indicated with grey lines (holotype queen of B. kluanensis sp. nov.; lectotype queen of B. neoboreus). Specimens interpreted as belonging to the species B. neoboreus are shown with outline symbols; specimens interpreted as belonging to the species B. kluanensis sp. nov. are shown with filled symbols.

opennotspecifiedOct 2011View details →

Figures 7–10 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figures 7–10. Global distribution of material examined (grey spots) and successfully sequenced (black spots) for Bombus personatus, and for the species of the melanurus group. The inset scatter plots show activity by phenology (x-axis: day of the year, letters refer to months) and elevation (y-axis: metres).