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Figure 14 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 14. Detailed segment of strict consensus tree of all MPTs recovered in present study. Part C. Neornithes: nodes are labelled above by percentages of bootstrapped replicates in which node was retained (italics), and below by Bremer support indices (bold type).

Figure 6 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 6. Molecular phylogenetic trees proposed in previous studies (see Fig. 1 for details), VI. A, Van Tuinen et al. (2000); B, Van Tuinen et al. (2001).

Figure 5 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 5. Molecular phylogenetic trees proposed in previous studies (see Fig. 1 for details), V. A, Espinosa de los Monteros (2000); B, Johansson et al. (2001).

Figure 4 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 4. Molecular phylogenetic trees proposed in previous studies (see Fig. 1 for details), IV. A, Sibley & Ahlquist (1990: figs 354–356), simplified to orders, wherein parenthetical 'para' indicates paraphyly of sampled members, and 'aug' indicates unconventional content; B, Mindell et al. (1997).

Figure 2 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 2. Morphological phylogenetic trees proposed in previous studies (see Fig. 1 for details), II. A, Mayr & Clarke (2003); B, Bourdon et al. (2005).

Figure 10 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 10. Ordinal-level strict consensus tree for orders of Neornithes based on 2954 morphological characters, indicating delimitations of segments detailed in Figures 12–18.

Figure 1 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 1. Morphological phylogenetic trees proposed in previous studies, I. A, Cracraft (1988); B, Mayr et al. (2003). Some trees were subjected to topologically neutral modifications of taxa to facilitate comparisons (also Figs 2–9). See corresponding papers for analytical methods and topological statistics.

Figure 13 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 13. Detailed segment of strict consensus tree of all MPTs recovered in present study. Part B. Neornithes: Palaeognathae and Galloanserae. Nodes are labelled above by percentages of bootstrapped replicates in which node was retained (italics), and below by Bremer support indices (bold type).

Figure 17 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 17. Detailed segment of strict consensus tree of all MPTs recovered in present study. Part F. Neornithes: Columbiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Apodiformes, Coliiformes, Trogoniformes and Coraciiformes. Nodes are labelled above by percentages of bootstrapped replicates in which node was retained (italics), and below by Bremer support indices (bold type).

Figure 7 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 7. Molecular phylogenetic trees proposed in previous studies (see Fig. 1 for details), VII. A, Paton et al. (2002); B, Sorenson et al. (2003).

Figure 3 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 3. Morphological phylogenetic trees proposed in previous studies (see Fig. 1 for details), III. A, Mayr (2005b); B, Mayr (2005f: fig. 9), excluding fossils Prefica and Paraprefica.

Figure 16 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 16. Detailed segment of strict consensus tree of all MPTs recovered in present study. Part E. Neornithes: Falconiformes, Strigiformes, Cuculiformes and Psittaciformes. Nodes are labelled above by percentages of bootstrapped replicates in which node was retained (italics), and below by Bremer support indices (bold type).

Figure 12 in Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion

Figure 12. Detailed segments of strict consensus tree of all MPTs recovered in present study. Part A. Outgroup (non-neornithine) taxa. Nodes are labelled by percentages of bootstrapped replicates in which node was retained (numerator), and below by Bremer support indices (denominator).

Fig. 38 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 38. Lateral view of posteroventral region of suspensorium and opercular series of (A) Ituglanis proops, MZUSP 60255 (77.0 mm SL), right side, image flipped horizontally to facilitate comparisons; (B) Trichomycterus stawiarski, LIRP 5088 (50.1 mm SL), left side.

Fig. 39 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 39. Ventral view of parurohyal of (A) Trichomycterus davisi, LIRP 2798 (56.7 mm SL); (B) Trichomycterus cf. itatiayae, LIRP 5086 (43.3 mm SL) and (C) Ituglanis sp. 1, MCP 15930 (53.3 mm SL).

Fig. 37 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 37. Diagram comparing phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies of Trichomycteridae according to the present analysis of dorsolateral head muscles (left) and to the literature based on other morphological and behavioral characters (right). Tree from literature is compilation of hypotheses of Baskin (1973); Britski & Ortega (1983); Arratia (1990); de Pinna & Britski (1991); de Pinna (1992, 1998); Costa & Bockmann (1993, 1994); Bockmann et al. (2004); and Bichuette et al. (2008). Gray area represents subfamily Trichomycterinae.

Fig. 35 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 35. Schematic representation of a transverse section through posterior region of opercle and attached opercular muscles of various catfishes.

Fig. 16 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 16. Dorsal view of head of Microcambeva ribeirae (Sarcoglanidinae), MZUSP 65764 (41.8 mm SL). Core of nasal barbels and core of right maxillary barbel, rictal barbel, lower jaw, interopercle, adductor mandibulae, dilatator operculi, levator operculi, and protractor operculi removed.

Fig. 12 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 12. Medial view of left adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Trichomycterus brasiliensis (Trichomycterinae), LIRP 1968 (95.1 mm SL). Arrows indicates space occupied by levator arcus palatini.

Fig. 19 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 19. Medial view of right adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Listrura tetraradiata (Glanapteryginae), MNRJ 31534 (paratype; 39.0 mm SL). Image flipped horizontally to facilitate comparisons.