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2,395 results for “Contrast”
Data from: Contrasting depth-related fine root plastic responses to soil warming in a subtropical Chinese fir plantation
<p>Warming-induced soil drought especially in topsoil may enlarge the spatial mismatch between nutrients and water along the soil profile, which impedes the uptake of not only water but also nutrients by trees. Therefore, coordinating the acquisition of soil water and nutrients along the soil profile is an important strategy for trees to cope with global warming.</p> <p>This study examined soil depth-related changes in nutrient concentrations, biomass, and morphology of fine roots in a Chinese fir plantation after 3 years of large-scale manipulative soil warming.</p> <p>Soil warming (ambient + 4°C) increased fine root nitrogen (N) concentrations but decreased fine root phosphorus (P) concentrations across soil depths. Warming did not affect total fine root biomass and its vertical distribution. At the 0–10 cm depth, warming increased specific root length (SRL), specific root area (SRA), fine root diameter (RD), and root length density (RLD) but reduced root tissue density (RTD). In the 40–60 cm layer, warming reduced RD, SRL, and RLD while increasing RTD mainly for roots of the 1–2 mm diameter class.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>: We concluded that roots of Chinese fir plantations could adapt to warming-induced moderate water stress through contrasting depth-related root morphological adjustments, probably to optimize the acquisition of both soil water and nutrients. The results of this study are crucial for understanding the adaptation strategies of subtropical forests under future climate conditions.</p>
Data for: Shifts in grasses diversity patterns between two contrasting 40-year climate periods in tropical dry islands
<p><span>Grasses are one of the most successful and dispersed plant families worldwide and their environmental and economic values are widely acknowledged. They dominate the landscape of Cabo Verde, the southernmost and driest archipelago of Macaronesia, and are relevant natural resources for local populations, but a comprehensive evaluation of their distribution patterns is still lacking. In this study, we aim to evaluate the potential effects of climate changes using the long-term data concerning grass distribution in Cabo Verde and the widely recognized climatic variability of this archipelago, which entails a huge irregularity in spatial and temporal rainfall. We identified two contrasting climatic periods (wet, from 1929 to 1968, and dry, from 1969 to 2007) and gathered all the information available from the bibliography, herbaria and fieldwork concerning spontaneous grass species recorded in Cabo Verde during those two periods, which amounted to 107 taxa. This information was then used to disclose the patterns of grass diversity as related to climatic and topographic variables (altitude and windward vs leeward aspects). Different altitudinal shifts in the distribution patterns of grass species assemblages and an assemblage specific to the wet period were revealed by comparing the two climatic periods. The role of exposure in delimiting the altitudinal distribution of the various assemblages was highlighted; the trade winds clearly determine the distribution of grass assemblages. We detected shifts in the distribution of grass assemblages according to the climatic periods (related to the macroclimate) and local topographic factors (associated with mesoclimates). Also, functional traits (i.e., annuals vs. perennials, C3 vs. C4 grasses, and tropical vs. temperate species) were found to vary between wet and dry periods, as well as with altitude and with slope aspect. Understanding species distributions and the role of the climatic variability of Cabo Verde is crucial to predict how climate change will affect them and thus to support effective management and conservation actions.</span></p>
Contrasting the depths of divergence between gene-tree and coalescent estimates in the North American Racers (Colubridae: Coluber constrictor)
<p>The North American racers (<em>Coluber constrictor</em>) are widely distributed across the Nearctic and numerous studies have demonstrated extensive variation in morphology, ecology, and population genetic structure. Here we take an integrative approach to understand lineage diversification within this taxon by combining genomic sequence capture data, mtDNA sequence data, morphometrics, and ecological niche models. Both the genomic data and mtDNA phylogeographic analyses support five lineages distributed across the range of this species. However, demographic model selection based on these two datasets strongly conflict in both the model of divergence and estimates of timing of lineage divergence. While mtDNA and concatenated genomic data suggest a Miocene origin of these distinct groups, coalescent-based demographic models of sequence capture data suggest lineage diversification occurred at ~33 kya in allopatry without gene flow. Using linear morphological measurements of head shape we demonstrate that lineages distributed largely east and west of the Mississippi River are distinguishable. Furthermore, ecological niche modelling demonstrates that lineages distributed in subtropical habitats have environmental niche space that is significantly differentiated from lineages distributed across the continent. Taken together, these results suggest that ecology is an important axis of lineage divergence within this group and that more fine-scale analyses may find even greater differentiation across the populations identified here.</p>
Data from: Contrasting heat tolerance of evergreen and deciduous urban woody species during heat waves
<p>The increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves caused significant damages to urban woody species, and the different leaf structures between evergreen and deciduous species may be closely related to leaf heat tolerance. However, whether the different leaf structural traits of evergreen and deciduous plants contribute to their different responses under heat waves is still unclear.</p> <p>During the record-breaking and long-lasting 2022 summer heat waves in China, we investigated the relationships between leaf thermal indices and leaf structural traits of 36 urban woody species in four cities along the Yangtze River.</p> <p>We found that all the four thermal indices were significantly but weakly related with leaf damage status. The critical temperature that causes the initial 15% damage to photosystem II (Tcrit) may serve as a sensitive measure of heat tolerance. Evergreen species suffered less leaf damage during the heat waves and exhibited higher leaf heat tolerance, thicker leaves than deciduous species. Tcrit was significantly correlated with leaf mass per area, leaf thickness and thickness of spongy tissue.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>:<em> </em>Urban woody species with high Tcrit, leaf mass per area, and leaf thickness tend to be more tolerant to heat stress. This study provides insights for predicting leaf heat tolerance of urban woody plants in subtropical China and their physiological and ecological responses to severe heat waves.</p>
Contrasting changes in diversity
<p><strong><em>Questions:</em></strong> Climate change may have different effects on species richness depending on regional climates, soil types and the functional composition of local communities. </p> <p><strong><em>Location: </em></strong>Subalpine belt of the Grandes Rousses (Alps) and Sancy mountain ranges (The Massif Central), France.</p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> We compared changes in species richness in response to recent climate change in communities from two mountain ranges subjected to contrasting environmental conditions, with a more continental climate and drier soils in the Alps than in the Massif Central. Vegetation composition of 189 and 157 plots were assessed in 1997 and 2017-2018 in the Alps and 1988-1989 and 2022 in the Massif Central, respectively. Five species traits (height, lateral spread, leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content) were measured on 108 and 144 species, respectively. Changes in vegetation composition and species richness along spatial environmental gradients were analysed with correspondence analyses at the Sancy site and canonical correspondence analysis at the Alpe d'Huez site. Changes in functional composition across sites with were analysed with principal component analysis. Changes in species richness with climate change were analysed with repeated-measure ANOVAs.</p> <p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong> In both mountain ranges summer temperatures increased and the hydric balance decreased over the past three decades, but snow cover duration decreased in the Alps only, whereas irradiance strongly increased in the Massif Central only. Functional composition was characterized by shorter and more conservative species in the Alps than in the Massif Central dominated by tall exploitative species. Species richness overall decreased with climate change by ca 10% in the Alps but overall increased by ca 10% in the Massif Central. Species richness decreased in the Alps likely because of increasing competition induced by dwarf shrub encroachment due to decreasing snow cover duration, whereas species richness increased in the Massif Central likely due to increasing irradiance in a very nebulous climate.</p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> The opposite changes in species richness observed at the two mountain ranges with recent climate change were likely to be explained by their contrasting climate and soil conditions driving different functional compositions and diversity-environment relationships.</p>
Data for "Willingness of rural and urban citizens to undertake pollinator conservation actions across three contrasting European countries"
<p>Data for: "Willingness of rural and urban citizens to undertake pollinator conservation actions across three contrasting European countries" by Costanza Geppert, Cristiano Franceschinis, Thijs P.M. Fijen, David Kleijn, Jeroen Scheper, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Mara Thiene, Lorenzo Marini (2024) <em>People and Nature</em>. This dataset was obtained by administering an online questionnaire in Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.</p>
Contrasting patterns of fig wasp communities along Mt. Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea
<p>The fig (Moraceae) and pollinating fig wasp (Agaonidae) mutualism is best known as a model system for the study of coevolution in plant-pollinator interactions and its central role in shaping vertebrate communities in tropical forests. Figs also host myriad antagonistic parasitic fig wasps which impose costs on both partners threatening mutualism stability. Spatio-temporal variation in parasitic wasp abundance is a key factor in mitigating these effects. Because fig wasps are temperature sensitive and likely vary in their ability to traverse environmental gradients, we expect community assemblages and abundance of both pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps to respond to changes along an elevational gradient. In the present study, we compare the fig wasp communities and the abundance of three fig species growing along the slopes of the Mount Wilhelm altitudinal gradient in Papua New Guinea. We quantified wasps from over 100 male fig trees and calculated seed sets for 55 female trees along each of the species' distribution on the transect. Our results show that the abundance of both pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps follow a mid-elevation peak, consistent with fig species richness found in the same transect. The patterns, however, are different according to the host's species distribution. The seed set remained relatively constant along the gradient for all species with some decrease along higher elevations, potentially affecting connectivity along the gradient. As suggested for insects in general, temperature and habitat diversity appear to play a fundamental role in the species richness and abundance of fig wasps.</p>
Thermal coupling mode in mantle-outer core convection predicted from an ultra-high-resolution numerical simulation of two-layer convection with a large viscosity contrast
<p>Movie of temperature and velocity fields in the highly viscous layer (HVL) and the low-viscosity layer (LVL) (left panels) and the close-up views focusing on the interior of the LVL (right panels). The viscosity contrast between the HVL and LVL is 10<sup>4</sup>.</p>
Modeling surface pCO2 variability in two contrasting basins of North Indian Ocean using advanced machine learning algorithms
<p>The dataset contains surface ocean <em>p</em>CO2, uncertainty and air-sea CO2 flux for the North Indian Ocean region. The data is available from 1993 to 2020 on a monthly time scale. Each of these data has a spatial resolution of 1/12º. Air-sea CO2 flux is calculated using a bulk parameterization, which is a function of wind speed. A positive CO2 flux value signifies CO2 outgassing, while a negative value indicates atmospheric CO2 uptake. </p> <p><strong>**It is recommended to use the latest version V3. Previous versions are depricated.</strong></p>
Data From: Fit and fatty freshwater fish: Contrasting polyunsaturated fatty acid phenotypes between hybridizing stickleback lineages
<p>Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are biologically important lipids that are unevenly distributed between and throughout environments. This heterogeneity can affect the evolution of metabolic processes, as populations adapt to the resource landscape that they encounter. Here, we compare fatty acid phenotypes of stickleback over two time scales of evolutionary divergence: between two lineages with different metabolic capacities for fatty acid synthesis (i.e. different copy number of the fatty acid desaturase gene; FADS2) that independently colonized European freshwaters during the Pleistocene and Holocene; and between two ecotypes within each lineage that have diverged more recently (~150 years) in different habitats (i.e. lake and stream). We measured fatty acid profiles of wild-caught and lab-reared fish for each lineage and ecotype combination after rearing lab fish on a diet deficient in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Since these lineages hybridize in nature, we also measured profiles of lab-reared hybrids and backcrosses raised on the same deficient diet. Wild fish showed strong compositional differences in fatty acids between habitats, lineages, and sexes. Common garden fish had generally lower polyunsaturated fatty acid levels than wild fish, and females had lower omega-6:omega-3 than males. Fish from the lineage with fewer FADS2 copies also had lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid. Overall, we document divergence in fatty acid phenotypes between stickleback lineages with different histories of freshwater colonization, and between ecotypes in the early stages of adaptive population divergence.</p>
Contrasting sensitivity of weathering proxies to Quaternary climate and sea-level fluctuations on the southern slope of the South China Sea
<p>Tropical marginal seas host important sedimentary archives that may be exploited to reveal past changes in continental erosion, chemical weathering, and ocean dynamics. However, these records can be challenging to interpret due to the complex interactions between climate and particulate transport across ocean margins. For the southern South China Sea over the last 90 kyr, we observe a contrasting temporal relationship between the deposition of clay minerals and magnetic minerals, which were associated with two different hydrodynamic modes. Fine-grained clay minerals can be carried in suspension by ocean currents, leading to a rapid response to regional climate-driven inputs. In contrast, changes in magnetic mineralogy were linked to glacial-interglacial sea-level variability, from which we infer a control by bedload transport and resuspension. Overall, this study indicates that the transfer pathways and mechanisms imparted by varying hydrodynamic conditions exert a substantial influence on the distribution of terrigenous material in continental margin sediments.</p>
Plasmonic Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles Enable Dark Contrast in Optical Coherence Tomography
<p>Dataset of https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adhm.201901627</p>
Spectral imaging enables contrast agent-free real-time ischemia monitoring in laparoscopic surgery
<p>Sample video showing the 'ischemia index' computed with a deep-learning model trained on multispectral images recorded during partial nephrectomy before a clamp is applied to the renal artery (perfused) and after clamping the artery (ischemic).</p>
Multi-contrast MRI and histology datasets used to train and validate MRH networks to generate virtual mouse brain histology
<p><span>H MRI maps brain structure and function non-invasively through versatile contrasts that exploit inhomogeneity in tissue micro-environments. Inferring histopathological information from MRI findings, however, remains challenging due to absence of direct links between MRI signals and cellular structures. Here, we provided deep convolutional neural networks, called MRH-Nets, developed using co-registered multi-contrast MRI and histological data of the mouse brain, can estimate histological staining intensity directly from MRI signals at each voxel. The results provide three-dimensional maps of axons and myelin with tissue contrasts that closely mimics target histology and enhanced sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional MRI markers. </span><span> </span>The dataset contains multi-contrast MRI and histology used for the training and testing and the acquisition parameters. The datasets have been carefully registered to mouse brain images from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas (https://mouse.brain-map.org). The source codes for MRH-Nets can be found at <a href="https://github.com/liangzifei/MRH-Net">https://github.com/liangzifei/MRH-Net</a>.</p>
A Comprehensive Physical Model for the Contrasting Seismogenic Behaviour of Injection Wells in Western Canada
<p>Earthquake catalog for northern Montey play in northeastern British Columbia during 2017-2018.</p>
Data supporting "Crop yield after 5 decades of contrasting residue management"
<p>Data supporting the pubblication "Crop yield after 5 decades of contrasting residue management" by Piccoli et al. (2020). Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst (2020) 117:231–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10067-9(0123456789().,-volV() 0123458697().,-volV)</p>
Vasculature Segmentation Validation Dataset - Part II - Decreasing Contrast-To-Noise Ratio
<p>Dataset to allow exploration of data enhancement, segmentation, and validation for: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.213843v1 and associated future publications</p> <p><strong>Dataset description:</strong></p> <ul> <li><em><strong>LaserForNoise</strong></em>: Example data of the head vasculature of 4dpf of zebrafish. The data were consecutively acquired with 1.2%, 0.8%, and 0.4% laser power (LP), respectively. This allowed us to produce data with decreasing contrast-to-noise ratio, and thus study robustness over a range of signal distributions.</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>Data acquisition</strong></em>:<br> Experiments were performed according to the rules and guidelines of institutional and UK Home Office regulations under the Home Office Project Licence 70/8588 held by TC. Maintenance of adult zebrafish Tg(kdrl: HRAS-mCherry)s916 (Chi et al., 2008) was performed as described in standard husbandry protocols (Westerfield, 1993). Embryos, obtained from controlled mating, were kept in E3 medium buffer with methylene blue and staged as previously described (Kimmel et al., 1995).</p> <p>Embryos were embedded in 2% LMP-agarose with 0.01% Tricaine in E3 (MS-222, Sigma). Data were acquired using a Zeiss Z.1 light sheet microscope, Plan-Apochromat 20x/1.0 Corr nd=1.38 objective, dual-side illumination with online fusion, activated Pivot Scan, image acquisition chamber incubation at 28°C, with a scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (sCMOS) detection unit. Data properties can be summarised as: 16bit image depth, voxel dimensions in x, y and z of 1920 x 1920 x 400-600, respectively, giving a voxel size of 0.33 x 0.33 x 0.5 µm). </p> <p><strong>Contact</strong>: kugler.elisabeth[at]gmail.com</p> <p><strong>Useful code links</strong>: </p> <ul> <li>https://github.com/ElisabethKugler/ZFVascularQuantification</li> <li>https://github.com/ElisabethKugler/Matlab3D-ImageAnalysis</li> </ul>
First-order visual interneurons distribute distinct contrast and luminance information across ON and OFF pathways to achieve stable behavior
<p>Source data of the paper Ketkar, Gür, Molina-Obando et al. 2022, eLife.<br> We analyzed the behavioral contribution and physiological response properties of first order interneurons L1, L2 and L3 in the <em>Drosophila melanogaster </em>visual system. Data are sorted by figures and comprise either behavioral measurements of flies walking on an air-cushioned ball while being shown visual stimuli, or <em>in vivo </em>two photon microscopy recordings of L1-L3 calcium responses. </p> <p>Please find all relevant information to use the data in the README file.<br> The code to analyze the data, either written in Matlab or Python, is found at <a href="https://github.com/silieslab/Ketkar-Gur-MolinaObando-etal2022">https://github.com/silieslab/Ketkar-Gur-MolinaObando-etal2022</a></p>
Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence Analysis with Textural Metrics Extracted by Contrast-Enhanced Mammography and Dynamic Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging to detect breast malignant Lesions
<p>We uploade the dataset of the manuscript "Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence Analysis with Textural Metrics Extracted by Contrast-Enhanced Mammography and Dynamic Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging to detect breast malignant Lesions" by Current Oncology.</p> <p> </p>
Data for contrastive learning framework
<p>Data for contrastive learning framework, containing data for training and evaluation in two settings: detection of functionally equivalent programs on the <br> POJ-104 dataset, and the plagiarism detection task on the dataset of solutions to competitive programming contests held on the Codeforces platform. In both tasks, the datasets contain pairs of programs, labeled whether they are clones or not.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.