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opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Testing for ecological limitation of diversification: a case study using parasitic plants

Imbalances in phylogenetic diversity could be the result of variable unbounded diversification rates, differing limits on diversity, or a combination of the two. We propose an approach to distinguish between rates and limits as the primary cause of phylogenetic imbalance, using parasitic plants as a model. With sister-taxon comparisons, we show that parasitic plant lineages are typically much less diverse than their autotrophic sisters. We then use age estimates for taxa used in the sister-taxon comparisons to test for correlations between clade age and diversity. We find that parasitic plant diversity is not significantly correlated with the age of the lineage, whereas there is a strong positive correlation between the age and diversity of autotrophic sister lineages. The Ericaceae sister-pair Monotropoideae (parasitic) and Arbutoideae (autotrophic) are sufficiently well samples at the species level to allow more parametric comparisons of diversification patterns. Model-fitting for this group supports ecological limitation in Monotropoideae and unconstrained diversification in Arbutoideae. Thus, differences in diversity between parasitic plants and their autotrophic sisters might be caused by a mixture of ecological limitation and unbounded diversification. A combination of sister-taxon comparisons of diversity and age, coupled with model-fitting of well-sampled phylogenies of focal taxa, provides a powerful test of likely causes of asymmetry in the diversity of lineages.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Ecological causes of decelerating diversification in carnivoran mammals

Clade diversification is a central topic in macroevolutionary studies. Recently, it has been shown that diversification rates appear to decelerate over time in many clades. What causes this deceleration remains unclear, but it has been proposed that competition for limited resources between sympatric, ecologically similar species slows diversification. Employing carnivoran mammals as a model system, we test this hypothesis using a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny. We also explore several conceptually related explanations including limited geographic area and limited rates of niche evolution. We find that diversification slowdowns are strong in carnivorans. Surprisingly, these slowdowns are independent of geographic range overlap between related species and are also decoupled from rates of niche evolution, suggesting that slowdowns are unrelated to competition and niche filling. When controlling for the effects of clade diversity, diversification slowdowns appear independent of geographic area. There is a significant effect of clade diversity on diversification slowdowns but simulations show that this relationship may arise as a statistical artifact (i.e., greater clade diversity increases the ability of the gamma statistic to refute constant diversification). Overall, our results emphasize the need to test hypotheses about the causes of diversification slowdowns with ecological data, rather than assuming ecological processes from phylogenies alone.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: Apparent signal of competition limits diversification after ecological transitions from marine to freshwater habitats

Adaptive radiations are typically triggered when a lineage encounters a significant range of open niche space (ecological opportunity), stemming from i) colonization of new areas, ii) extinction of competitors, or iii) key innovations. The most well-known of these is the colonization of new areas, either through geographic dispersal or the invasion of a novel ecological habitats. One aspect of ecological opportunity that has rarely been studied, however, is whether the existence of potential competitors may act to limit evolutionary diversification in newly colonized adaptive zones. Here, we show that in multiple geographically independent reinvasions of freshwaters by marine Sea Catfishes (Ariidae), rates of diversification (estimated as a function of morphological disparity and cladogenesis) have been constrained by pre-existing high diversity freshwater lineages. Only one region (Australia-New Guinea), characterized by an otherwise-depauperate freshwater fauna, has an ariid invasion gained any substantial traction. This is true at both regional and community scales, suggesting that competitive constraints may be an important factor for adaptive radiation.

opennotspecifiedJul 2021View details →

Figure 7 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 7. Coexistence between Colobopsis and their putative model species on the same tree.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Differential geographical and ecological dynamics allow diversification of morphologically convergent giant bromeliads in the Atlantic Forest

Aim: This paper investigates evolutionary mechanisms that allow morphologically convergent lineages share the same geographical space. We compared the events occurred along the diversification of Karawata and Aechmea subgen. Chevaliera in Atlantic Forest by 1) verifying whether the climatic niches and habitats of Karawata and Aechmea subgen. Chevaliera are similar; 2) testing whether the two groups had the same pattern of colonization in the Atlantic Forest; and 3) evaluating whether they had the same evolutionary dynamics of environmental space occupation. We see the two bomeliad lineages as a model case to understand sympatric diversification in the Atlantic Forest biome. Location: Brazilian Atlantic Forest Taxon: Karawata and Aechmea subgen. Chevaliera (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) Methods: We explored differences in evolutionary dynamics between the lineages analyzing the divergence times, estimating ancestral ranges and habitats, testing niche similarity and evaluating shifts in speciation dynamics. Results: Karawata and A. subgen. Chevaliera most likely originated in the Pliocene and diversified during the Pleistocene. The two clades originated in ombrophilous forests and shared a similar environmental space. However, Karawata and A. subgen. Chevaliera show different dynamics in the occupation of geographical and environmental spaces. Our results suggest that the São Francisco and Jequitinhonha Rivers acted as geographical barriers for Karawata and A. subgen. Chevaliera. Main Conclusions: Differences in spatial and environmental evolutionary dynamics allow the two groups to occupy similar habitats as well as environmental and geographical spaces in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Fig. 157 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia

Fig. 157. Bivariate relationship between morphometric distance (Mahalanobis D2; above) and genetic similarity (Slatkin's [1993] Mstatistic below) and the log of the straightline geographic distance between sample localities of Proechimys steerei along the Rio Jurua´. Mantel's matrix correlation coefficients and their significance are indicated for each.

Fig. 101 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia

Fig. 101. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the crania of four species of rice rats, Oryzomys from the Rio Jurua´. From bottom to top: O. perenensis (JLP 15609; Seringal Condor [locality 6], left bank Rio Jurua´, Amazonas, Brazil); O. yunganus (JLP 15650; Seringal Condor [locality 6], left bank Rio Jurua´, Amazonas, Brazil); O. macconnelli (JLP 15549; Seringal Condor [locality 6], left bank Rio Jurua´, Amazonas, Brazil); and O. nitidus (MNFS 1419; Igarapé Porongaba [locality 1], right bank Rio Jurua´, Acre, Brazil).

Fig. 123 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia

Fig. 123. (Above) Map of the approximate combined ranges of Makalata didelphoides in eastern and southern Amazonia and M. macrura from western Amazonia (redrawn from Emmons and Feer 1997). Geographic localities from which specimens have been examined for 798 bp of the mitochondrial cytochromeb gene are indicated by solid circles; localities are identified as in table 53, which provides provenance and voucher catalogue numbers. (Below) The strict consensus of six equally minimal length parsimony trees for cytochromeb haplotypes, based on a branchandbound analysis: length = 542 steps, CI = 0.673, RI = 0.820. Sequences of Proechimys and Mesomys were used as outgroups to root the tree. Numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are average Kimura twoparameter distances.

Fig. 27 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia

Fig. 27. Lower Central Regional Area of the Rio Juruá in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The five primary sample localities are indicated by numbers (see text for precise locality information). Hatching bordering the river indicates the extent of várzea forest, which floods annually. Redrawn directly from RadamBrasil 1:250,000 series, Folha Rio Xeruã (SB.19ZA), 1978.

Fig. 7 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia

Fig. 7. View of pasture and inundated grassland at Penedo (locality 7) in the Upper Central Region of the Rio Jurua´. The dense grassy area in the foreground that is crossed by wooden planks is partly flooded. Both Holochilus sciureus and Nectomys apicalis were obtained here. Photograph by J. L. Patton in early September 1991.

Fig. 10 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia

Fig. 10. Average foliage density at six height intervals averaged across eight sites in upland terra firme forest (A) and eight sites in floodplain várzea forest (B). At each site, foliage thickness was measured at 57 points at 5 m intervals on each of three parallel transects.

Fig. 11. Log10 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia

Fig. 11. Log10DBH (diameter in cm at breast height) distribution of (A) 1200 trees in terra firme forest (600 on each side of the Rio Jurua´) and (B) 1200 trees in várzea forest (600 on each side of the river).

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Punctuational ecological changes rather than global factors drive species diversification and the evolution of wing phenotypes in Morpho butterflies

Assessing the relative importance of geographical and ecological drivers of evolution is paramount to understand the diversification of species and traits at the macroevolutionary scale. Here, we use an integrative approach, combining phylogenetics, biogeography, ecology, and quantified phenotypes to investigate the drivers of both species and phenotypic diversification of the iconic Neotropical butterfly genus Morpho. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny for all known species and inferred historical biogeography. We fitted models of time-dependent (accounting for rate heterogeneity across the phylogeny) and paleoenvironment-dependent diversification (accounting for global effect on the phylogeny). We used geometric morphometrics to assess variation of wing size and shape across the tree, and investigated their dynamics of evolution. We found that the diversification of Morpho is best explained when considering variable diversification rates across the tree, possibly associated with lineages occupying different microhabitat conditions. First, a shift from understory to canopy was characterized by an increased speciation rate partially coupled with an increasing rate of wing shape evolution. Second, the occupation of dense bamboo thickets accompanying a major host-plant shift from dicotyledons towards monocotyledons was associated with a simultaneous diversification rate shift and an evolutionary "jump" of wing size. Our study points to a diversification pattern driven by punctuational ecological changes instead of a global driver or biogeographic history.

publicSep 2021View details →

Punctuational ecological changes rather than global factors drive species diversification and the evolution of wing phenotypes in Morpho butterflies

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publicApr 2009View details →

Data from: The ecological dynamics of clade diversification and community assembly

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publicFeb 2017View details →

Data from: Ecomorphological diversifications of Mesozoic marine reptiles: the roles of ecological opportunity and extinction

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publicAug 2021View details →

Differential geographical and ecological dynamics allow diversification of morphologically convergent giant bromeliads in the Atlantic Forest

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