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FIGURE 21 in Comparative Basicranial Anatomy Of Extant Terrestrial And Semiaquatic Artiodactyla Maureen A. O'Leary

FIGURE 21. Left basicranium of Hippopotamus amphibius (Cetancodonta, Hippopotamidae, USNM-M 182395) with bulla in situ, petrosal is visible through the jugular foramen. Digitally reversed from right side. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 22 in Comparative Basicranial Anatomy Of Extant Terrestrial And Semiaquatic Artiodactyla Maureen A. O'Leary

FIGURE 22. Left basicranium of Hippopotamus amphibius (Cetancodonta, Hippopotamidae, USNM-M 182395) with auditory bulla removed to reveal petrosal in situ. Scale bar = 1 cm. Artist: U. Kikutani.

FIGURE 15 in Comparative Basicranial Anatomy Of Extant Terrestrial And Semiaquatic Artiodactyla Maureen A. O'Leary

FIGURE 15. Left basicranium of Odocoileus virginianus (Cetruminantia, Ruminantia, Cervidae; SBU-MAR 20) with auditory bulla removed to reveal petrosal in situ. Scale bar = 1 cm. Artist: U. Kikutani.

FIGURE 20 in Comparative Basicranial Anatomy Of Extant Terrestrial And Semiaquatic Artiodactyla Maureen A. O'Leary

FIGURE 20. Left basicranium of Choeropsis liberiensis (Cetancodonta, Hippopotamidae, AMNH-M 81899), angled close-up to show space between petrosal and surrounding bones. Scale bar = 1 cm.

FIGURE 14 in Comparative Basicranial Anatomy Of Extant Terrestrial And Semiaquatic Artiodactyla Maureen A. O'Leary

FIGURE 14. Left basicranium of Odocoileus virginianus (Cetruminantia, Ruminantia, Cervidae; AMNH-M 244789) with auditory bulla in situ. Scale bar = 1 cm. Photograph: S. Goldberg.

FIGURE 17 in Comparative Basicranial Anatomy Of Extant Terrestrial And Semiaquatic Artiodactyla Maureen A. O'Leary

FIGURE 17. Left basicranium of Tragulus javanicus (Cetruminantia, Ruminantia, Tragulidae; AMNH-M 102091) with bulla removed to reveal petrosal in situ. Scale bar = 1 cm. Artist: U. Kikutani.

FIG. 5 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"

FIG. 5. — Criteria for choosing calibration points and determining their minimum and maximum ages (after Raaum et al. 2005: fig. 2) exemplified by the origin of Bombinanura (i.e. the cladogenesis in which Discoglossoidea and Pipanura originated). Known stratigraphic ranges shown by thick lines. The minimum age is the age of the oldest known bombinanuran fossil, the discoglossoid Eodiscoglossus oxoniensis (circled). The maximum age is more difficult to constrain, but is probably close to the bottom of the interval marked by the double arrow, from which bombinanurans are not known, even though closely related and presumably eco- logically similar salientians (Prosalirus and Vieraella) were present. That fossils of the Mesophryne lineage older than Eodiscoglossus have not been discovered, and that Amphicoela (Ascaphus and Leiopelma) lacks a known pre-Pleistocene fossil record altogether, is unfortunate, but has little relevance for the above argument. The root of this tree extends down to the approximate age of the oldest known salientians, Triadobatrachus and Czatkobatrachus. The authors of all taxon names are listed in Appendix 11.

FIG. 2 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"

FIG. 2. — Time-calibrated trees showing Romer's and Carroll's Gaps. Names of extant taxa in bold. Known stratigraphic ranges, including uncertainties, are shown by thick lines. The timescale follows Gradstein et al. (2004); the unlabeled stage is the Serpukhovian, which began 326.4 ± 1.6 Ma ago. Mississi., Mississippian. A, a phylogeny of early limbed vertebrates and extant amphibians. The "microsaurs" are likely paraphyletic with respect to Lysorophia; their gray extension consists of the undescribed possible representatives from the mid-late Permian of Russia and the Late Early Triassic of China (see text). The undescribed possible branchiosaurid from the late Early Triassic of China (Gao et al. 2004) is not shown, because Tungussogyrinus has about the same age. The position of Gerobatrachus in a trichotomy follows FrÖbisch & Reisz (2008) and Marjanović & Laurin (2008b, 2009); that of Tungussogyrinus is taken from Werneburg (2009); the oldest known "microsaur" is Kirktonecta, named and described by Clack (2011). Note that all lepospondyls, amphibamids, or lissamphibians from Carroll's Gap are restricted to four or possibly five representatives from the Early Triassic,with the single exception of the purported Russian "microsaur"; their age range is shown as a bleached zone in Carroll's Gap. "Gymnophiona" includes Gymnophiona and all fossils that either belong to it or represent its closest known relatives; see Marjanović & Laurin (2007: fig. 3, as "Apoda") and Rage & Pickford (2011). The Roman numerals represent possible origins of Lissamphibia or parts thereof, placed as high in the geological section as possible: I, Lissamphibia (TH), Batrachia (PH), or Salientia (PH); II, Batrachia (PH); III, Gymnophionomorpha (PH); IV, Lissamphibia (TH) or Caudata (PH); V, Lissamphibia (TH), Batrachia (PH), or Salientia (PH); VI, Lissamphibia (LH); VII, basal split between the extant amphibians (PH). B, Time-calibrated phylogeny of Lissamphibia showing stratigraphic estimates of the age of that clade. The rectangles 1 to 4 represent the confidence intervals on the origin of Lissamphibia calculated under four different assumptions on the presumed severity of the impact of mass extinction events (Permian-Triassic,Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundaries) on lissamphibian diversity.The bottom of each rectangle shows the older limit of the 75% confidence interval, the black bar the older limit of the 50% confidence interval. Note that none of the rectangles extends beyond the base of Carroll's Gap, while the PH predicts a date within Romer's Gap (VII in A) for the split between Gymnophionomorpha and Salientia. From Marjanović & Laurin (2007: fig. 9b; 2008a: fig. 4C). The authors of all taxon names are listed in Appendix 11.

FIG. 4 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"

FIG. 4. — Crown-group tetrapod phylogeny according to analyses that support the LH, showing diversity within the LH. All are simplified from their sources (by collapsing suprageneric taxa), and the names are made comparable. Internal topology of Microsauria in B and C not shown. Colored boxes: yellow (), Lissamphibia; pastel green (), Lysorophia; cyan (), Amphibia; olive (), "microsaurs"; violet (), "nectrideans"; blue (), Aïstopoda; dark green (), amniotes and diadectomorphs. A, Vallin & Laurin (2004: fig. 6); B, Pawley (2006: fig. 92), with the taxon sample and cranial characters of Ruta et al. (2003) but Pawley's own set of postcranial characters, and reweighting; C, Germain (2008a: fig. 5.15); D, Marjanović & Laurin (2008b: fig. 6c), Tuditanidae, and Hapsidopareiontidae are OTUs that may not be monophyletic, their composition was not tested, but carried over from McGowan (2002); E, Marjanović & Laurin (2009: supplementary figure); F, Marjanović (2010: chapter 5), unconstrained analysis without added taxa. The majority-rule consensus is shown; internodes absent from the strict consensus are gray.

FIG. 3 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"

FIG. 3. — Reinterpretation of the skull roof of the lysorophian lepospondyl Brachydectes (C, F, I) in comparison to the "microsaurian" lepospondyls Rhynchonkos (A, D, G) and Batropetes (B, E, H); A-C, dorsal view; D-F, right lateral view; G-I, caudal (occipital) view. Where interpretations of Brachydectes differ, those by Sollas (1920), Romer (1966) and Bolt & Wassersug (1975) are in bold, those by Wellstead (1991) are in italics, and ours (Marjanović & Laurin 2008b) are in regular typeface; they are always shown in this order. The colored bones are, in our interpretation, the tabular (yellow/light gray), the postorbital (cyan/middle gray), and the postfrontal (magenta/ dark gray). Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; eoc, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; oc, fusion of ex- and basioccipital; oot, opisthotic; otoc, fusion of pro- and opisthotic to ex- and basioccipital; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pl, pleurosphenoid; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pp, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; s, stapes; se, sphenethmoid; sm, septomaxilla; soc, suproccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; t, tabular; v, vomer. Scale bar: 1 cm. Modified from Marjanović & Laurin (2008b: fig. 4).

FIG. 1 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"

FIG. 1. — Hypotheses on the origin of Lissamphibia in the recent literature (modified from Marjanović & Laurin 2008b: fig. 1). Extant taxa in bold; extant amphibians underlain in yellow () if monophyletic (Lissamphibia) or pastel orange () if polyphyletic, temnospondyls underlain in violet (), lepospondyls in cyan (), the amniote-diadectomorph clade in green (): A, B, Temnospondyl hypothesis (TH) as of the late 1980s and early 1990s; B, simplified from Trueb & Cloutier (1991); C, D, TH, simplified from Ruta & Coates (2007); E, Lepospondyl hypothesis (LH), simplified from Vallin & Laurin (2004); F, Polyphyly hypothesis (PH), simplified from Carroll & Holmes (1980) through Carroll et al. (2004); G, PH simplified from Anderson et al. (2008b); the name Amphibia does not apply to any clade under this topology; H, a version of the PH, simplified from Carroll (2007: fig. 77), where extant amphibians and "lepospondyls" are nested inside the "temnospondyls"; "Anthracosauroidea" is an OTU that includes Embolomeri, Gephyrostegidae and Seymouriamorpha; "basal temnospondyls" is an OTU composed of Dendrerpeton and Balanerpeton; the "Microsauria" OTU consists of all "microsaurs" except Rhynchonkos; I, skull roof of the temnospondyl Iberospondylus schultzei, modified from Laurin & Soler-Gijón (2001). Scale bar: 1 cm. The authors of all taxon names are listed in Appendix 11.

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FIG. 6 in Extending the tooth mesowear method to extinct and extant equids

FIG. 6. — Hierarchical cluster diagrams based on the mesowear variables %high (percent high occlusal relief), %sharp (percent sharp cusps) and %blunt (percent blunt cusps) of the isolated tooth positions P2, P3, P4, M1, M2 and M3, the 3-tooth model P4+M2+M3, the 4-tooth model P4-M3 and the 5-tooth model P3-M3. Clusters based on a set of 27 "typical" recent comparison taxa after Fortelius & Solounias (2000); A-D, Hippotherium primigenium Meyer, 1829; A, from the Dinotheriensande (all localities); B, Eppelsheim; C, Esselborn; D, Westhofen; E, Equus burchelli Gray 1824 (ebN) from Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania; F, Equus burchelli (ebS) from Botswana, Namibia and Angola. For abbreviations see Table 1; upper case, browser; lower case, grazer; mixed case (capital first), mixed-feeder; mixed case (lower first), fossil species; NED, normalised Euclidean distance.

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FIG. 8 in Extending the tooth mesowear method to extinct and extant equids

FIG. 8. — Hierarchical cluster diagram based on the mesowear variables %high (percent high occlusal relief), %sharp (percent sharp cusps) and %blunt (percent blunt cusps) based on the 4- tooth model (P4-M3) proposed as the model for the "extended" mesowear method in this study. Clusters based on a set of 27 "typical" recent comparison taxa after Fortelius & Solounias (2000). For abbreviations see Table 1; upper case, browser; lower case, grazer, mixed case (capital first), mixed-feeder; mixed case (lower first), fossil species; NED, normalised Euclidean distance.

Fig. 8 in The Phylogenetic Resolving Power of Discrete Dental Morphology Among Extant Hedgehogs and the Implications for Their Fossil Record

Fig. 8. An example of ambiguous distribution of character states; (a) I2 cuspules always present in the juveniles and polymorphic for the adults (Hylomys suillus); (b) expression of the P3 posterior cingulum is a consequence of wear (Erinaceus amurensis).

Fig. 1 in The Phylogenetic Resolving Power of Discrete Dental Morphology Among Extant Hedgehogs and the Implications for Their Fossil Record

Fig. 1. (a) Gould's (1995) Adams tree, fossils are indicated in bold (b) Frost et al.'s (1991) single most parsimonious tree. A = Erinaceidae; B = Hylomyinae; C = Erinaceinae; D = Brachyericinae.

Fig. 9 in The Phylogenetic Resolving Power of Discrete Dental Morphology Among Extant Hedgehogs and the Implications for Their Fossil Record

Fig. 9. (a) Phylogenetic analysis 1 (data set A); strict consensus tree; (b) majority rule tree; (c) phylogenetic analysis 2a (Gould, 1995) strict consensus tree. (d) Phylogenetic analysis 2b (Gould, 1995) strict consensus tree; (e) majority rule tree.

Fig. 2 in The Phylogenetic Resolving Power of Discrete Dental Morphology Among Extant Hedgehogs and the Implications for Their Fossil Record

Fig. 2. Occlusal view of idealized tribosphenic molars: (a) first upper molar; (b) first lower molar (taken from Rich, 1981). Abbreviations: cc = centrocrista (to include postparacrista and premetacrista); co = cristid obliqua; ecg = ectocingulum; ecgd = ectocingulid; efx = ectoflexus; encd = entocristid; enld = entoconulid; end = entoconid; hy = hypocone; hyd = hypoconid; hyld = hypoconulid; hyxd = hypoflexid; me = metacone; mec = metacrista (or postmetacrista); med = metaconid; meg = metacingulum; ms = mesostyle; msd = mesoconid; mt = metastyle; mtl = metaconule; pa = paracone; pac = paracrista (or preparacrista); pacd = postparacrista; pad = paraconid; pag = paracingulum; pcg = precingulum; pmlc = premetaconule crista; pplc = preparaconule crista; pprc = preprotocrista; pr = protocone; prcd = protocristid; prd = protoconid; prl = paraconule; prgd = precingulid; ps = parastyle; psc = postcrista; pscg = postcingulum; psgd = postcingulid; psmlc = postmetaconule crista; psplc = postparaconule crista; psprc = postprotocrista; st = stylocone; sts = stylar shelf; tb = trigon basin; tdb = trigonid basin; tlb = talonid basin; tln = talonid notch; trn = trigonid notch.

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Fig. 15 in First Records of Extant Hispaniolan Spiders of the Families Mysmenidae, Symphytognathidae, and Ochyroceratidae (Araneae), Including a New Species of Ochyrocera

Fig. 15. Webs of Dominican Republic symphytognathids and mysmenids. A, B, Web of Patu sp. (Symphytognathidae), cloud forest in Barahona Province, Paraíso, (Reserva Natural Cachote). C, D, Web of Microdipoena sp. (Mysmenidae), cloud forest in Duarte Province, San Francisco de Macorís (Reserva Científica Loma Quita Espuela). Photos by Gustavo Hormiga (A, B) and Fernando Alvarez-Padilla (C, D).

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Fig. 14. Ochyroceratid webs. A–C in First Records of Extant Hispaniolan Spiders of the Families Mysmenidae, Symphytognathidae, and Ochyroceratidae (Araneae), Including a New Species of Ochyrocera

Fig. 14. Ochyroceratid webs. A–C, Ochyrocera cachote, n.sp., webs from a cloud forest in Barahona Province, Reserva Natural Cachote. D, Web of an unidentified ochyroceratid from Thailand (Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon National Park, photo GH36/R02 03.X.2003) showing a similar arrangement of silk lines running in parallel to each other. Photos by Gustavo Hormiga.