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FIGURE 2 in A revision of the Dwarf Geckos, genus Lygodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Angola, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 2. Comparison of the number of precloacal pores in Angolan individuals of Lygodactylus angolensis, L. baptistai sp. nov., L. nyaneka sp. nov., L. lawrencei and L. tchokwe sp. nov.

FIGURE 5 in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand

FIGURE 5. Biotope of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. at its type-locality. Photo. by Phongsiri Sumontha.

FIGURE 4A–B in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand

FIGURE 4A–B. Live paratype female (A: AUP-02003) and live hatchling (B; not preserved) of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. Photos. by M. Sumontha.

FIGURE 3A–B in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand

FIGURE 3A–B. Live male paratypes (A: PSUZC-R 729; B: PSUZC-R 730) of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. Photos. by M. Sumontha.

FIGURE 6 in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand

FIGURE 6. Map of Thailand showing the position of the type locality of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. Map by W. Sodob.

FIGURE 2 in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand

FIGURE 2. Preserved type-series of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. in dorsal view. Photo. by M. Sumontha.

FIGURE 1A–B in A new leaf-toed gecko (Gekkonidae: Dixonius) from the city of Ranong southwestern Thailand

FIGURE 1A–B. Live adult male holotype (AUP-02002) of Dixonius dulayaphitakorum sp. nov. A: General dorsal view. B: Venter and precloacal pores. Photos. by M. Sumontha.

FIGURE 2 in Beauty in the eye of the beholder: a new species of gecko (Diplodactylidae Lucasium) from inland north Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of Lucasium and related genera inferred with RAxML using mitochondrial ND2 sequences. Lucasium iris sp. nov. is recovered as well-supported and deeply divergent monophyletic lineage. With the exception of Lucasium occultum, all currently recognised species of Lucasium are represented. The genus Diplodactylus is collapsed for graphical purposes. Individuals sequenced herein include the specimen or tissue number after the respective GenBank accession number.

FIGURE 7 in Beauty in the eye of the beholder: a new species of gecko (Diplodactylidae Lucasium) from inland north Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 7. Lucasium iris sp. nov. habitat, showing mixed open woodland on low sandstone ranges; Gilberton Station. Photo: Stephen M. Zozaya.

FIGURE 1 in Beauty in the eye of the beholder: a new species of gecko (Diplodactylidae Lucasium) from inland north Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 1. Main map (A): the known distribution of Lucasium iris sp. nov. The black circle has a 15 km radius around the centroid of the point records of the new species. Modelled area of occupancy (AOO) is shown (dark green), based on 2 km grid squares (see text). The Regional Ecosystems (REs) that underpin the AOO are shown as light green crosshatching, but are clipped to exclude areas where extensive surveying has failed to locate L. iris sp. nov. Top inset (B): broad location within Australia and area enlarged in bottom inset map. Bottom inset (C): regional context for main map (A). Bold black crosses show previous records of Lucasium immaculatum and the bold red cross shows the location of SMZ0452 [MT720722] and QM J96903 [MT720723] (genotyped L. immaculatum) and pre-existing museum specimen QM J60287, discussed in this paper. Some relevant towns and locations are also shown on the inset map. EIU = Einasleigh Uplands bioregion; GUP = Gulf Plains bioregion.

FIGURE 4 in Beauty in the eye of the beholder: a new species of gecko (Diplodactylidae Lucasium) from inland north Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 4. Lucasium iris sp. nov. Holotype (QM J94606), showing contrasting black or very dark brown reticulations over pale blue to silver iris. Photo: Stephen M. Zozaya.

FIGURE 6 in Beauty in the eye of the beholder: a new species of gecko (Diplodactylidae Lucasium) from inland north Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 6. Comparison of Lucasium iris sp. nov. to regionally sympatric ground-dwelling geckos, which could be confused with L. iris sp. nov. Lucasium iris sp. nov. unsampled female (A); Lucasium steindachneri, Gilberton Station (B); Lucasium immaculatum QM J96903, Littleton NP (C); Diplodactylus vittatus, Blackbraes NP (D); Diplodactylus platyurus, Gilberton Station (E); Heteronotia binoei, Gilberton Station (F). Photos: Stephen M. Zozaya (A, C, F); Justin M. Wright (B); Eric Vanderduys (D, E).

FIGURE 3 in Beauty in the eye of the beholder: a new species of gecko (Diplodactylidae Lucasium) from inland north Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 3. Lucasium iris sp. nov., showing typical pattern of a broad, regular to zigzag-edged, pale vertebral stripe with irregular small spots on the lateral surfaces. Holotype QM J96406, female (A); paratype QM J95526, female (B); paratype QM J96407, male (C); paratype QM J88147, subadult male (D); SMZ1327, male, showing unpatterned regenerated tail (E); unsampled female (F). Photos: Stephen M. Zozaya (A, C, E, F); Eric Vanderduys (B, D).

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Non-linear variation in clinging performance with surface roughness in geckos

<p>Understanding the challenges faced by organisms moving within their environment is essential to comprehending the evolution of locomotor morphology and habitat use. Geckos have developed adhesive toe pads that enable exploitation of a wide range of microhabitats. These toe pads, and their adhesive mechanisms, have typically been studied using a range of artificial substrates, usually significantly smoother than those available in nature. Although these studies have been fundamental in understanding the mechanisms of attachment in geckos, it is unclear whether gecko attachment simply gradually declines with increased roughness as some researchers have suggested, or whether the interaction between the gekkotan adhesive system and surface roughness produces non-linear relationships. To understand ecological challenges faced in their natural habitats, it is essential to use test surfaces that are more like surfaces used by geckos in nature. We tested gecko shear force (i.e., frictional force) generation as a measure of clinging performance on three artificial substrates. We selected substrates that exhibit microtopographies with peak-to-valley heights similar to those of substrates used in nature, to investigate performance on a range of surfaces smooth (glass), and fine-grained (fine sandpaper) to rough (coarse sandpaper). We found that shear force did not decline monotonically with roughness, but varied non-linearly among substrates. Clinging performance was greater on glass and coarse sandpaper than on fine sandpaper, and clinging performance was not significantly different between glass and coarse sandpaper. Our results demonstrate that performance on different substrates varies, probably depending on the underlying mechanisms of the adhesive apparatus in geckos.</p>

FIGURE 10 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India

FIGURE 10. Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis sp. nov. in life. (A) male, (holotype, NCBS-BH728) and (B) female, (paratype, NCBS-BH729).

FIGURE 7 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India

FIGURE 7. Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (holotype, NCBS-BH728), (A) dorsal view of body, (B) ventral view of body, (C) dorsal view of tail, and (D) ventral view of tail. Scale bars 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India

FIGURE 4. Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis sp. nov. in life. (A) male, (holotype, NCBS-BH723) and (B) female, (paratype, NCBS-BH724).

FIGURE 1 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India

FIGURE 1. Distribution of the two new species, their sisters and allied species, and the other two species of geckos that have type localities around Rishi Valley, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh; and inset, maximum likelihood phylogeny of the south India clade. Forward slashes on phylogeny indicate that a section of those branches is not shown, numbers at nodes show bootstrap support (values <60 not shown), numbers in parentheses after taxon names indicate map locality. Species not shown in the tree and corresponding locality: Cnemaspis agarwali, 7; C. graniticola, 1; C. shevaroyensis, C. thackerayi, 6; C. yelagiriensis, 5; Cyrtodactylus rishivalleyensis, 1, 3; Cyrtodactylus srilekhae, 8.

FIGURE 6 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India

FIGURE 6. The type locality of the two new species: Cave Rock Hill, Rishi Valley School, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh; (A) view from base of the hill and (B) view from the hill.

FIGURE 5 in Geckos in the granite: two new geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from rocky, scrub habitats in Rishi Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India

FIGURE 5. Type series of (A) Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (from left to right, NCBS-BH724, NCBS-BH725, NCBS-BH627, NCBS-BH626,) and (B) type series of Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis sp. nov. (from left to right, NCBS-BH729, NCBS-BH730, NCBS-BH631, NCBS-BH632, NCBS-BH633, NCBS-BH634, NCBS-BH635,). Scale bars 10 mm.