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Fig. 2 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story

Fig. 2. Relationships of Bombus flavidus lineages inferred with cytochrome oxidase I (COI). (A) Haplotype network for the sequenced individuals, highlighting the connections between the haplotypes shown on the map (right). (B) Bayesian tree of B. flavidus and related species. Clade support values are Bayesian posterior probabilities.The right zoomed-in part of the figure highlights population structure. (C) Visualization of the major haplotypes mapped at their respective geographical locations.

Fig. 5 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story

Fig. 5. Dendrogram based on cephalic labial gland secretions of Bombus flavidus with represented Eastern Nearctic (purple) and Palearctic + western Nearctic (green) lineages. This cluster was obtained by hierarchical clustering using an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) based on correlation distance matrices calculated from the relative abundance of the compounds present in cephalic labial gland secretions (CLGS).The values near nodes represent multiscale bootstrap resampling values. Multiple response permutation procedure (MRPP) indicates level of CLGS differentiation between taxa.

Fig. 1 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story

Fig. 1. Global distribution of Bombus flavidus (Palearctic) and Bombus fernaldae (Nearctic). Distributional ranges are approximated based on literature records (Williams et al. 2014; Ascher and Pickering 2020) and thus are not meant to be accurate at a fine scale.

Fig. 9 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story

Fig. 9. Geographic distribution of B. flavidus color patterns in Oregon. (A) Average percent of individual yellow pile; (B) boxplots comparing total body pile percent yellow between individuals from Western and Eastern localities.The asterisks indicate a significant different between boxplots (unpaired two-tailed t-test, ***P <0.0001).

Fig. 4 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story

Fig. 4. Median-joining network of haplotypes based on nuclear genes ITS and PEPCK. Circle sizes are proportional to frequencies of haplotypes. Colors of haplotypes refer to geographic areas (Fig. 3). Black bars on lines represent the number of mutation(s) between two close haplotypes. Black circles are outgroups (B. skorikovi and B. norvegicus).

Fig. 6 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story

Fig. 6. (A) Ordination of individuals of Bombus flavidus along the first two principal components (PCA1 and PCA2) of the principal components analysis of the landmark configuration variability. (B) Ordination of individuals of Bombus flavidus along the two first axes (LDA1 and LDA2) of the linear discriminant analysis of the landmark configuration variability.

Fig. 8 in Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story

Fig. 8. Global distribution of color patterns of Bombus flavidus. The extremes and intermediates of color observed are shown for each region. Color patterns with asterisks (Scandinavia) were extracted from LØken (1985).

Fig. 5 in Across mountains and ocean: species delimitation and historical connectivity in Holarctic and Arctic-Alpine wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa)

Fig. 5. Introgression in P. saltuaria species group, n = 84, m = 43 datasets. P.hyper.FIN—Finnish P. hyperborea, P.hyper.GR—Greenland P. hyperborea; (a, c, e) de novo assembly; (b, d, f) reference assembly. (a, b) Fbranch D-statistics summary: dotted lines indicate internal node branches, fb—f-branch estimates of admixture; (c, d) fastsimcoal2 scenarios with the highest support: Ne effective population size of corresponding species/population (see fastsimcoal2 section in Supplementary Material for details about codes in brackets); tm—time of population/species merge (split) in generations; tadm—time of admixture in generations; adm—admixture fraction; (e, f) PhyloNetworks: colored lines and numbers indicate direction and proportion of admixture.

Fig. 2 in Across mountains and ocean: species delimitation and historical connectivity in Holarctic and Arctic-Alpine wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa)

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood trees: (a) COI, 426 specimens; (b) ddRADseq, 91 specimens, 43,873 SNPs, de novo assembly; (c) ddRADseq, 84 specimens, 113,479 SNPs, de novo assembly; (d) ddRADseq, 84 specimens, 109,247 SNPs. CA—Canada, FI—Finland, FR—France, GL—Greenland, NO—Norway, SL—Slovakia, US—United States of America, n—number of specimens, m—minimum taxon coverage in ipyrad assembly.

Fig. 1 in Across mountains and ocean: species delimitation and historical connectivity in Holarctic and Arctic-Alpine wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa)

Fig. 1. Distribution map of P. hyperborea based on current literature review. Filled squares—approximate locations of P. hyperborea records in Palearctic; empty square—dubious record of P. hyperborea in Siberia; filled circles—approximate locations of P. hyperborea records in Nearctic.The references on which the map is based are in Supplementary Material.

Fig. 3. Haplotype network for 419 in Across mountains and ocean: species delimitation and historical connectivity in Holarctic and Arctic-Alpine wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Pardosa)

Fig. 3. Haplotype network for 419 specimens of P. saltuaria species group based on mitochondrial COI data. Haplotypes are colored based on morphological identification. Each line is 1 mutation step.

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Fig. 2 in Climatic Niche Conservatism and Ecological Diversification in the Holarctic Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus Erebia

Fig. 2. Illustrative figures of European and Asian mountains (panels A, B) and ancestral reconstruction of climatic traits (panels C–G) for species-specific average values of WorldClim variables.The ancestral reconstructions are based on OU model of evolution in the butterfly genus Erebia.

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Fig. 3 in Climatic Niche Conservatism and Ecological Diversification in the Holarctic Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus Erebia

Fig. 3. The relationships between climatic and elevation niche widths and niche position along the gradient of conditions occupied by the butterfly genus Erebia. The points correspond to the niche width (y-axis) and average value of a climate variable or elevation for individual species (x-axis).The best fit of generalized additive models (GAM) is shown by lines (separately for species of the European and the Asian clade). Statistical significance of the model fit is also shown. edf denotes the estimated degrees of freedom, which indicates the complexity of the nonlinear relationship (edf = 1 corresponds to a linear relationship).

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Fig. 1 in Climatic Niche Conservatism and Ecological Diversification in the Holarctic Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus Erebia

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimates for the butterfly genus Erebia. The European clade diversified mainly in Europe, the Asian clade in Asia, although the geographic distribution of several species is not restricted to a single region (see Supp Fig. 3 [online only]). The full biogeographic reconstruction is shown in the Supp Figs. 3–5 (online only). Climatic PCA displays the distribution-based climatic data for all species of the European and the Asian clades.The polygons show the full extent of the conditions occupied by each clade (dotted lines) and the core 50% of the climatic niche (solid lines). The inset shows the correlation of individual bioclimatic variables with the first and second PCA axes.The bioclimatic variables (bio1, bio4, bio12, and bio15) displayed significant phylogenetic signal (Table 3).The European clade inhabits warmer, more humid, and less seasonal climate compared to the Asian clade.

FIGURE 14. Intergonocoxal area, ventral. A in New species and records of Lycoriella Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae) from the Holarctic region

FIGURE 14. Intergonocoxal area, ventral. A. Lycoriella acutostylia Mohrig & Menzel, 1990 (from Finland, Matinjärvi). B. L. jakovlevi sp. n. (holotype). C. L. kinbasketi sp. n. (holotype). D. L. tundrae sp. n. (holotype). Scale 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 11. Gonostylus, ventral. A in New species and records of Lycoriella Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae) from the Holarctic region

FIGURE 11. Gonostylus, ventral. A. Lycoriella taimyrensis sp. n. (holotype) B. L. tundrae sp. n. (holotype). Scale 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 7. Hypopygium, ventral. A in New species and records of Lycoriella Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae) from the Holarctic region

FIGURE 7. Hypopygium, ventral. A. Lycoriella longa sp. n. (holotype). B. L. parva (Holmgren, 1869) (from USA, Mt. Mansfield). Scale 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 6. Gonostylus, ventral. A in New species and records of Lycoriella Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae) from the Holarctic region

FIGURE 6. Gonostylus, ventral. A. Lycoriella jakovlevi sp. n. (holotype). B. L. kinbasketi sp. n. (holotype) C. L. eurystylata sp. n. (holotype). Scale 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Hypopygium, ventral. A in New species and records of Lycoriella Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae) from the Holarctic region

FIGURE 5. Hypopygium, ventral. A. Lycoriella jakovlevi sp. n. (holotype). B. L. kinbasketi sp. n. (holotype). Scale 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Hypopygium, ventral. A in New species and records of Lycoriella Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae) from the Holarctic region

FIGURE 4. Hypopygium, ventral. A. Lycoriella acutostylia Mohrig & Menzel, 1990 (from Finland, Ilmajoki). B. L. eurystylata sp. n. (holotype). Scale 0.1 mm.