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520 results for “Host interactions”

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zenodo28/100

Scripts and data for: Increased host diversity limits bacterial generalism but may promote microbe-microbe interactions

Research Overview: In this project, we compared cloacal microbiome communities from reptiles from six localities that spanned a gradient in host taxonomic diversity. We found that diversity of the bacterial communities was relatively stable across locations, but that host-specific taxa were overrepresented in high host diversity communities. ASVs in high host diversity communities were more likely to have strong interactions with other bacterial lineages across multiple hosts. Host generalist bacteria were more likely to be from a generalist phylum. Methodology: We used a 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach to quantify bacterial community diversity. We processed the output fastq files using qiime2, and processed the output files using the qiime2R package. We performed our analyses in R. Processed input files and scripts are described below.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Niche differentiation in the dynamics of host-symbiont interactions: symbiont prevalence as a coexistence problem

Heritable symbioses can have important ecological effects and have triggered important evolutionary innovations. Current predictions for long-term symbiont prevalence are based on their fitness benefits and vertical transmission rates but ignore non-linear competitive feedbacks among symbiotic and symbiont-free hosts. We hypothesized that such feedbacks function as stabilizing mechanisms, promoting coexistence of host types and maintaining intermediate symbiont frequency at the population scale. Using a model grass / endophyte symbiosis, we manipulated competition within and between endophyte-symbiotic (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) hosts and fit competition models to experimental data. We show for the first time that symbiont-structured competition can generate stable coexistence of E+ and E- hosts, even under perfect vertical transmission. Niche differentiation was the key to coexistence, causing hosts of each type to limit themselves more strongly than each other. These results establish roles for non-linear competitive dynamics and niche differentiation in the ecology and evolution of heritable symbionts.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Aggregation of infective stages of parasites as an adaptation and its implications for the study of parasite-host interactions

The causes and consequences of aggregation among conspecifics have received much attention. For infecting macroparasites, causes include variation among hosts in susceptibility, and/or whether infective stages are aggregated in the environment. Here, we link these two phenomena and explore whether aggregation of infective stages in the environment is adaptive to parasites encountering host condition-linked defenses, and what effect such aggregations have for parasite-host interactions. Using simulation models, we show that parasite fitness is increased by aggregates attacking a host, particularly when investment into defenses is high. The fitness benefit of aggregation remains despite inclusion of factors that should curb the benefits of aggregation: namely, mortality of low condition hosts (those hosts expected to be most susceptible to parasitism) and costs of high coinfection. Using sample sizes common in studies, aggregation of infective stages reduces the likelihood of detecting host condition-parasitism relations, even when host condition is the only other factor in models affecting parasitism. Thus, it is not surprising that the expected inverse relations between host condition and parasitism, commonly a premise in studies of parasite-host interactions, are inconsistently found. An understanding of how parasites encounter hosts is thus needed for developing theory for parasite-host ecological and evolutionary interactions.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

zenodo28/100

Active components of commonly prescribed medicines affect influenza A virus-host cell interaction: a pilot study

Supplementary file

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Integrated molecular imaging reveals tissue heterogeneity driving host-pathogen interactions

All diseases are characterized by distinct changes in tissue molecular distribution. Molecular analysis of intact tissues traditionally requires pre-existing knowledge of, and reagents for, the targets of interest. Conversely, label-free discovery of disease-associated tissue analytes requires destructive processing for downstream identification platforms. Tissue-based analyses therefore sacrifice discovery to gain spatial distribution of known targets, or sacrifice tissue architecture for discovery of unknown targets. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a multi-modality imaging platform for discovery-based molecular histology. We apply this platform to a model of disseminated infection triggered by the important pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, leading to the discovery of infection-associated alterations in the distribution and abundance of proteins and elements in tissue. These data provide an unbiased, three-dimensional analysis of how disease impacts the molecular architecture of complex tissues, enable culture-free diagnosis of infection through imaging-based detection of bacterial and host analytes, and reveal molecular heterogeneity at the host-pathogen interface.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

dryad28/100

Parasitoid-mediated indirect interactions between unsuitable and suitable hosts can generate apparent predation in microcosm and modeling studies

Parasitoids used as biological control agents often parasitize more than a single host species and these hosts tend to vary in suitability for offspring development. The population dynamics of parasitoids and hosts may be altered by these interactions, with outcomes dependent on the levels of suitability and acceptance of both host species. Parasitism of individuals of an unsuitable host species may indirectly increase populations of a suitable host species if eggs laid into unsuitable hosts do not develop into adult parasitoids. In this case the unsuitable host is acting as an egg sink for parasitoids and this can reduce parasitism of suitable hosts under conditions of egg limitation. We studied parasitoid-mediated indirect interactions between two aphid hosts, Aphis glycines (the soybean aphid) and A. nerii (the milkweed, or oleander aphid), sharing the parasitoid Aphelinus certus. While both of these aphid species are accepted by A. certus, soybean aphid is a much more suitable host than milkweed aphid is. We observed a drastic reduction of parasitoid offspring production (45%) on the suitable host in the presence of the unsuitable host in microcosm assays. Aphelinus certus females laid eggs into the unsuitable hosts (Aphis nerii) in the presence of the suitable host leading to egg and/or time limitation and reduced fitness. The impact of these interactions on the equilibrium population sizes of the three interacting species was analyzed using a consumer-resource modeling approach. Both the results from the laboratory experiment and the modeling approaches identified apparent predation between soybean aphid and milkweed aphid, in which milkweed aphid acts as a sink for parasitoid eggs leading to an increase in the soybean aphid population. The presence of soybean aphids had the opposite effect on milkweed aphid populations as it supported increases in parasitoid abundance and thus reduced the fitness and abundance of this aphid species.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

zenodo28/100

Fig. 1 in Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils

Fig. 1. Macroelement and Fe content in hosts and parasites.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

zenodo28/100

Fig. 3 in Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils

Fig. 3. Quantification of polyphenols for parasite and hosts.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

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Fig. 2 in Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils

Fig. 2. Microelement and heavy metal content in soil, hosts, and parasites.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

dryad28/100