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Fig. 3 in A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry, Poland

Fig. 3. Rostrum fragment of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Cryopterygius kielanae sp. nov. (GMUL 3579-81, holotype) from the Late Jurassic of OwadówBrzezinki Quarry; in "dental/apical" (A) and right-lateral (B) views.

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Fig. 2 in A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry, Poland

Fig. 2. Morphology of skull bones of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Cryopterygius kielanae sp. nov. (GMUL 3579-81, holotype) from the Late Jurassic of Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry. A. Left pterygoid in ventral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Left quadrate in lateral (B1), anterior (B2), and medial (B3) views.

Fig. 11 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 11. SEM photographs of the pits on the craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Eganovo (A) and Mnevniki (B) localities, Moscow region, Central Russia. A. MSU 118/1. Transverse (A1, A2) and longitudinal (A3, A4) cross-sections of the shell layers in the pit area. The bending of shell wall inside the pit is clearly visible. B. MSU 118/9. The phosphatic mineral inside the pit (B1) and the tubercle (reflection of the pit) (B2) located on the dorsal side of the specimen.

Fig. 10 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 10. The pits on the aragonitic shell layers of the craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Mnevniki, Moscow region, Central Russia; MSU 118/10. A. Body chamber with slightly dissolved shell layers. General view in ventro-lateral (A1), ventral (A2), and dorsal (A3) views; on the dorsal side the small tubercle is visible, which reflect the pit on the previous whorl. B. Two pits on the specimen, SEM photograph. C. Two pits on the specimen, optical binocular microscope photographs.

Fig. 6 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 6. Craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Moscow region, Eganovo locality, Central Russia; shell with pits and deformed growth lines, MSU 118/1. A. General lateral view. B. Dorsal view, two tubercles located on the dorsal side of the body chamber, reflecting pits which are located on the previous shell whorl. C. The pits and deformed growth lines, which are related with pits, on the lateral surface of the specimen. D. Outer shell layer with phosphatic mineral inside pits and curved growth lines connected with these pits. Photographs (A, B, C1, D1), explanatory drawings (C2, D2).

Fig. 9 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 9. Craspeditid ammonites Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Moscow region, Central Russia, Eganovo (A, B) and Mnevniki (C, D) localities; shells with pits and epizoans, lateral (A1, B1, C, D) and dorsal (A2, B2) views. A. MSU 118/7, abnormal " scaphitoid" shell shape. There are several pits on the ventral side of the shell (A2). B. MSU 118/16, fragment of the abnormal shell. The fragment of bivalve shell which caused distortion of the shell growth can be seen on the dorsal side (B2). There are no pits on this specimen. C. MSU 118/8, body chamber with pits on both sides of the shell. D. MSU 118/9, fragment of the body chamber with pits, many of them are merged with each other.

Fig. 7 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 7. The pits with preserved phosphatic remnants on the shell of craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Moscow region, Eganovo locality, Central Russia; MSU 118/1. A, B. Three pits with phosphatic filling on the well-preserved surface of the specimen. C, D. Transverse cross-sections of the two pits with phosphatic remnants located on the well-preserved part of the shell of the specimen. Note the thin outer prismatic and thick nacreous layers. The photos were taken using an optical binocular microscope.

Fig. 5 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 5. Craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Moscow region, Eganovo locality, Central Russia; shell structure and chemical composition of the filling of pits, MSU 118/1. A, B. Aragonite layer of the shell. C. EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analysis of the brown mineral in the pit on the surface of specimen (asterisk in B).

Fig. 8 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 8. Craspeditid ammonites Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Moscow region, Central Russia, Mnevniki (A) and Eganovo (B−E) locality; shells with pits. A. MSU 118/2, fully preserved body chamber with pits, which are clearly visible not far from the aperture; lateral view. B. MSU 118/3, shell with abnormal constriction on the body chamber; in ventral (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. MSU 118/4, shell with fully preserved body chamber; in lateral (C1) and ventral (C2) views. There are abnormally small lateral attachment scars (on the top of the C1) and pits on the apertural part of the shell. D. MSU 118/5, shell without aperture and with pits which are located ventro-laterally; lateral view. E. MSU 118/6, body chamber fragment without aperture and phragmocone; ventral view (E1), enlarged view of the pit (E2). There is only one relatively large pit on this fragment.

Fig. 12 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 12. Clusters of pits on the surface of the craspeditid ammonite Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shell from the Late Volgian, Kachpurites fulgens Zone, Eganovo ocality, Moscow region, Central Russia, MSU 118/1. A. General view, three clusters which repeatedly occurred on the shell marked by lines: ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral clusters marked by dotted line, mid-lateral cluster marked by solid line. B. Two groups of pits on the anterior ventro-lateral portion of the shell. They are very similar to each other and likely were formed by the same epizoans during the subsequent stages of shell growth.

Fig. 3 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 3. Upper Volgian strata in Eganovo locality. Three subzones of Kachpurites fulgens Zone. The thickness of all layers is about 1.4 m. The traces on the surface of the layer have been left by the excavation knife.

Fig. 2 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the localities. A. Mnevniki, Moscow. B. Eganovo, Moscow area. The braces mark the horizon from which the described ammonites have been collected. Ammonite zones (see Rogov and Starodubtseva 2014). The total thickness of the layers is about 2 m.

Fig. 4 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 4. The circular diagram of the frequency of the genera distribution in Kachpurites fulgens Zone.

Fig. 1 in A new type of shell malformation caused by epizoans in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 1. Map of Moscow area with localities: 1, Eganovo (55°32'08.28" N; 38°03'10.47" E); 2, Mnevniki (55°46'4.12" N; 37°28'4.67" E).

Fig. 7 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 7. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2048/17, holotype, interior of right valve (A1), exterior of left valve with attached oyster (A2). B. TsSGM 2048/24, paratype, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/33, paratype, interior of left valve.

Fig. 11 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 11. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea? robusta sp. nov., Middle Volgian, Yatriya River, Subpolar Urals,. A. TsSGM 2068/37, interior of right valve. B. TsSGM 2068/36, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/35, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/38, interior of left valve attached to other oyster shell.

Fig. 10 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 10. Comparison of morphology Deltoideum vs. Pernostrea. A, C. Deltoideum delta (Smith, 1817) (labelled as "Ostrea deltoidea"), Kimmeridgian, La Hève, France. A. NHM 204314, interior of right valve. C. NHM 204314, interior of left valve. B, D. Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. B. TsSGM 2068/30, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/84, interior of left valve.

Fig. 3 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 3. Main morphological characters of oysters. A. Left valve of Phygraea (Gryphaeidae, Pycnodonteinae), TsSGM 2068/88, inner view. B. Left valve of Crassostrea (Flemingostreidae, Crassostreinae), TsSGM 2068/13, inner view. C. Left valve of Pernostrea (Gryphaeidae, Gryphaeinae), TsSGM 2068/2, inner view.

Fig. 6. Gryphaeid oysters from the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum. A, E in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 6. Gryphaeid oysters from the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum. A, E. Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) borealis sp. nov. A. TsSGM 2068/31, paratype, Lower Kimmeridgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals; exterior (A1) and interior (A2) of left valve. E. TsSGM 150/3887, holotype, Lower Kimmeridgian, Khatanga depression, north of Eastern Siberia; interior of RV (E1) and exterior of LV (E2). B–D, F. Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) praeanabarensis Zakharov, 1966), Lower Volgian, Dyabaka-Tari River, north of Eastern Siberia. B. TsSGM 2068/10, view on left (B1) and right (B2) valves. C. TsSGM 2068/57, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/8, exterior (D1) and interior (D2) of left valve. F. TsSGM 150/2031, interior of left valve.

Fig. 9 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 9. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2048/23, left (A1) and right (A2) valve views, view from posterior side (A3). B. TsSGM 2068/34, left (B1) and right (B2) valve views. C. TsSGM 2068/32, exterior (C1) and interior (C2) of left valve, view from anterior side (C3).