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FIGURE 3 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 3. Habitus of Ophicrania Kaup, 1871 species ♂♂ (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Ophicrania vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mahaplag [coll. FH, No. 0726-12]; B. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; C. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1]; D. Ophicrania sagittarius Bresseel & Bushell, 2009: Philippines, Mindanao Island, Agusan del Sur, Rosario [coll. FH, No. 1131-1].
FIGURE 9 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 9. Habitus of Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), Platycraninae: Platycranini Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893: A. ♀ do- solateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-3]; B. ♀ dorsolateral view: Kei Islands [coll. FH, No. 0173-6]; C. ♀ dorsolateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-11]; D. ♀ dorsolateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-11].
FIGURE 13. Supposed relationships between Phasmatidae s in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 13. Supposed relationships between Phasmatidae s. str. (= Lanceocercata), including the subordinate Megacraniinae subfam. nov., and the sister group Platycraninae sensu nov. with the two contained tribes Platycranini and Stephanacridini. The tree shown is merely meant to visualize the estimated relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Although the results of Robertson et al. (2018, Fig. 6) and Simon et al. (2019, Fig. 2), both based on molecular data, are incorporated the above tree cannot be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogram.
FIGURE 12 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 12. Eggs of Megacraniinae subfam. nov. (A-H), Platycraninae: Platycranini (J-K) and Platycraninae: Stephanacridini (L-M): A. Megacrania batesii Kirby, 1896, dorsolateral view: NE-Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation [coll. FH, No. 0175-E]; B. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, dorsolateral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-E]; C. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 dorsolateral view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-E]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; E. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; F. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbacher, 1906), dorsolateral view: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-E]; G. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Melanesia, Fiji, Suva [coll. FH, No. 0204-E2]; H. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-E1], J. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; K. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; L. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-E1]; M. Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1081-E].
FIGURE 8 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 8. Terminalia of ♀♀ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, lateral view (with egg): Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), lateral view: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-2]; C. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; D. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), lateral view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; E. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, ventral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-1]; F. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7].
FIGURE 11 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 11. Habitus and details of members of Platycraninae: Stephanacridini Günther, 1953: A. Macrophasma oreitrephes (Günther, 1929) ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0107-2]; B. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup & Heyden, 1871) ♀: captive reared from 'Australian Islands' [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; C. Eucarcharus sp. ♂: captive reared from Philippines, Mindanao Island, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Apo [coll. FH, No. 0630-7]; D. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup & Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, lateral view: captive reared from 'Australian Islands' [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; E. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup & Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: captive reared from 'Australian Islands' [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; F. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup & Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, ventral view: captive reared from 'Australian Islands' [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; G. Stephanacris draconius Hennemann & Conle, 2006 terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Wau [coll. FH, No. 0377-2]; H. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859) terminalia of ♂, lateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-2]; J. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859) terminalia of ♂, ventral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-2]; K. Stephanacris globiceps Redtenbacher, 1908 terminalia of ♂, dorsal view: West P- pua, Arfak Mountains, Manokwari, Maibri village, 670m [coll. FH, No. 1000-1]; L. Phasmotaenia lanyuhensis Huang & Brock, 2001 terminalia of ♂, ventral view: Taiwan, Lanyuh Island [coll. FH, No. 0616-2].
FIGURE 7 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 7. Terminalia of ♂♂ of Megacraniinae subfam. nov.: A. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, lateral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; B. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, dorsal view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007, ventral view: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, FakFak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1]; D. Megacrania sp. nov., lateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 10143]; E. Megacrania sp. nov., dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-3]; F. Graeffea leveri (Günther, 1937), lateral view: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Russell Island NW of Guadalcanal [coll. FH, No. 0635-1]; G. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view: Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range, Mt. Trus Madi 1200m [coll. FH, No. 0039-2]; H. Ophicrania conlei Gottardo, 2011, dorsal view: Philippines, Mindoro Island, Mt. Halcon [coll. FH, No. 0611-1]; J. Ophicrania sp. nov.: Borneo, Kalimantan, Malinau [coll. FH, No. 0832-1].
FIGURE 1 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 1. Habitus of of Megacrania Kaup, 1871 species (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-7]; B. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: Solomon Islands, Maramasike Island prope Malaita [coll. FH, No. 0174-8]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1083-1].
FIGURE 5 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 5. Details of head and prothorax in ventral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.). A. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; B. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5].
FIGURE 4 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 4. Details of head and prothorax, A, B, D-G dorsal view, C dorsolateral view, H-J lateral view (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-3]; B. Megacrania sp. nov. ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 1014-2]; C. Megacrania spina Hsiung, 2007 ♂: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 01083-1]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♂: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; E. vittipennis (Stål, 1875): Philippines, Leyte Island, Mt. Balocaue [coll. FH, No. 0726-8]; F. Ophicrania capito (Westwood, 1859): Borneo, Sabah, Crocker Range [coll. FH, No. 0039-1]; G. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; H. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904 ♀: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-5]; J. Megacrania phelaus (Westwood, 1859) ♂: captive reared from Solomon Islands, Malaita Island [coll. FH, No. 0174-10]. Arrow indicates the opening of the prothoracic defensive glands.
FIGURE 2 in Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae")
FIGURE 2. Habitus of Graeffea Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1868 and Ophicrania Kaup, 1871 species (Megacraniinae subfam. nov.): A. Graeffea meridionalis Günther, 1932 ♂: Solomon Islands, Malaita Island, Haburarumu Uru, 100-250m [coll. FH, No. 1195-1]; B. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841) ♀: Melanesia, Tonga, Tongatapu [coll. FH, No. 0204-1]; C. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbacher, 1906) ♀: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-1]; D. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-1].
FIGURES 10–13 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURES 10–13. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) sp. 1 (13°07.05'N 75°30.20'E, W of Mudigere, Karnataka, India), ♀: 10, antenna; 11, body; 12, fore wing;13, hind wing.
FIGURE 9 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURE 9. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) sp. 1 (13°07.05'N 75°30.20'E, W of Mudigere, Karnataka, India), ♀: habitus.
FIGURES 26–30 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURES 26–30. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) armata Viggiani, ♂ holotype: 26, slide; 27, head; 28, antenna; 29, mesosoma and metasoma; 30, fore wing. Images courtesy of Bernard Landry.
FIGURES 23, 24 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURES 23, 24. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) reducta sp. n., ♀ holotype: 23, fore wing; 24, hind wing.
FIGURES 14–16 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURES 14–16. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) sp. 2 (28°36.56'N 95°53.21'E, Etalin vicinity, Arunachal Pradesh, India), ♀: 14, antenna; 15, fore wing; 16, hind wing.
FIGURE 25 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURE 25. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) reducta sp. n., ♀ non-type (Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia): habitus. Image courtesy of Junsuke Yamasako.
FIGURES 19-22 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURES 19-22. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) reducta sp. n., ♀ holotype: 19, slide; 20, antennae; 21, body; 22, gaster.
FIGURES 2–6 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURES 2–6. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) formosa sp. n., ♀ holotype: 2, head in frontal view; 3, antenna; 4, radicle and scape (magnified); 5, fore wing; 6, hind wing.
FIGURES 7, 8 in Twonew species ofCamptopteroides Camptopteroides (Hymenoptera:Mymaridae) from the Oriental region with a key to Old World species
FIGURES 7, 8. Camptopteroides (Camptopteroides) formosa sp. n., ♀ holotype: 7, mesofemur & mesotibia and metasoma showing ovipositor.
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