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4,356 results for “RED”
Terminal density reversal and the role of Ca2+ in red blood cells clearance of healthy individuals
<p>Density reversal of senescent red blood cells (RBCs) has been known for more than ten years, yet the identity of the candidate protein(s) is still elusive. While performing Percoll density gradient separation of RBCs from healthy individuals and their subsequent characterization, we identified a fraction of cells in the low-density fraction (~0.025% compared to total RBCs population) which shows reversal in their densities along with the characteristics of cellular senescence such as loss of membrane Band 3 protein and the phosphatidylserine exposure to the outer membrane leaflet. Our subsequent analysis showed that these cells are overloaded with Ca<sup>2+</sup>. We further measured intracellular [Na<sup>+</sup>] in individual RBCs by flow cytometry utilizing the dye CoroNa Green-AM. Our findings showed that the cells with senescent characteristics lost their transmembrane Na<sup>+</sup> gradient despite maintaining the membrane integrity. Consequently, these findings lead us to designate these cells as “senescent-like” cells. Our data further demonstrated altered activities of nonselective cation channels and pumps in these cells. In addition to a facilitated Na+ extrusion by Na<sup>+</sup>, K+-ATPase, our findings indicated altered ion transport via Piezo1 in these cells. Pharmacological modulation of Piezo1 with Yoda1/GsMTx4 showed that Piezo1 and, possibly, other nonselective cation channels by promiscuously transporting Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> play an important role in producing these low density “senescent like” cells.</p>
Supporting data and software for: Low-temperature open-air synthesis of PVP-coated NaYF4:Yb,Er,Mn upconversion nanoparticles with strong red emission
<p>Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have unique photonic properties that make them ideally suited for many applications. They are excited by low-energy near-infrared photons and emit at higher energy (typically visible) wavebands. However, synthesis of UCNPs requires either high pressure reaction chambers or inert atmospheres. Combined with the requirements for high-temperatures (200 to 400 °C) and long reaction times (e.g. up to 24 hours), these place barriers to entry for UCNP research, in terms of both financial barriers and knowledge/"know how". These constraints may also limit the scale of UCNP production for end-user applications.</p> <p>We adapted and further developed a method for producing UCNPs with simple laboratory equipment, i.e. a hot-plate and beakers. No pressure vessel or inert atmosphere is required. The UCNPs produced have a<span> polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer coating, with strong red emission due to Mn<sup>2+</sup> co-doping within the UCNP crystal lattice. It was found that UCNPs of composition NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb,Er,Mn (Yb = 20 mol %, Er = 2 mol%, Mn = 35 mol%) maximised the red emission whilst also minimising the diameter of the UCNPs to </span> 36 ± 15 nm. These combination of optical and physical properties should make these UCNPs ideal for further development and exploitation, particularly for biological applications where red emission can penetrate over a centimetre of tissue.</p> <p>This dataset and software accompanies the manuscript <em>'Low-temperature open-air synthesis of PVP-coated NaYF<sub>4:</sub>Yb,Er,Mn upconversion nanoparticles with strong red emission</em>', which was published in Royal Society Open Science on 19th January 2022. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211508</p>
Fig. 28. Angelinoceras Hyatt, 1894 from the Upper Red Orthoceratite Limestone. A in Taxonomy and ontogeny of the Lituitida (Cephalopoda) from Orthoceratite Limestone erratics (Middle Ordovician)
Fig. 28. Angelinoceras Hyatt, 1894 from the Upper Red Orthoceratite Limestone. A. Angelinoceras latum (Angelin, 1880), specimen MB.C.11682 (Remelé 1878 Coll.) from Eberswalde (Brandenburg); lateral view.B. Angelinoceras sp., specimen MB.C.29658 (Krueger Coll.) from Oderberg (Brandenburg). Scale bar units = 1 mm.
Dataset accompanying Riesch et al. 2022. Grazing by wild red deer can mitigate nutrient enrichment in protected semi-natural open habitats. Oecologia
<p>This repository contains the data set on nutrient fluxes through wild red deer used by Riesch et al. 2022 in an article puplished in <em>Oecologia</em> (accepted 2022-05-01).</p> <p>Metadata are provided in the first excel worksheet. For further details please see the original article (DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05182-z).</p>
Fig. 4 in Home Ranges Of The Red Fox, Vulpes Vulpes (Carnivora, Canidae) And European Badger, Meles Meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae), In Oak Forests Of Slobozhanshchyna, Ukraine
Fig. 4. Winter average monthly temperatures in Kharkiv City in 2007–2009 and 2011 (http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru).
Fig. 4 in The Amount And Distribution Of The Red Data Book Bird Wetland Species In The Azov-Black Sea Region Of Ukraine According To The Results Of August Counts 2004-2015
Fig. 4. Distribution of wetlands number depending on number of species in them (axis X — number of species, axis Y — number of wetlands).
Fig. 5 in The Amount And Distribution Of The Red Data Book Bird Wetland Species In The Azov-Black Sea Region Of Ukraine According To The Results Of August Counts 2004-2015
Fig. 5. Distribution of wetlands depending on species number (axis X) and average amount of birds in them (axis Y).
Fig. 1 in Histological, Topographical And Ultrastructural Organization Of Different Cells Lining The Olfactory Epithelium Of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus Nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of the olfactory epithelium of Pygocentrus nattereri by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histological architecture stained with Delafield's Haematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Mallory's triple (MT) stain. A — oval shaped olfactory rosette showing olfactory lamellae (OL) radiating from median raphe (R). Note tongue shaped structure (arrow heads) on the apical end of the lamellae (SEM) ×50. B — sensory olfactory epithelium (OEP) lined with receptor cells. Note the presence of blood vessels (BV) in the central core (CC) which is distinguished from OEP by basement membrane (BM). Arrow heads indicate basal cells above BM (MT) ×400. C — higher magnification of OEP showing a large number of primary receptor cells (RC) with conspicuous nuclei (N), secondary recptor cells (broken arrows), microvillous cells (MV) intermingled with supporting cells (SC). Note the presence of BV in CC and BC (arrow heads) near CC. Solid arrow indicates the axons of secondary RC communicate to CC (MT) ×1000. D — OEP exhibiting cylindrical RC with knob like vesicles (black arrow heads), ciliated supporting cells (solid arrows), non-ciliated supporting cells (white arrow heads) and BC above CC. Broken arrows mark the cilia of supporting cells on the epithelial surface (HE) ×400. E — tuft of receptor cells (RC) in between supporting cells (SC) (SEM) ×4000. F — dendrite patches of RC (broken arrows) and microvillous cells (solid arrows) in between stratified epithelial cells (SEC). Note the opening of mucous cells (arrow heads) in between SEC (SEM) ×2500.
Fig. 2 in Histological, Topographical And Ultrastructural Organization Of Different Cells Lining The Olfactory Epithelium Of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus Nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of the olfactory epithelium of P. nattereri by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and histological features stained with Mallory's triple (MT) stain. A — transitional zone between sensory epithelium (SE) with receptor cells (solid arrows) and non-sensory epithelium (NSE) having a series of mucous cells (MC) (Broken arrows), labyrinth cells (LC) and stratified epithelial cells (arrow heads). Olfactory epithelium separated from central core (CC) by a basement membrane (BM) (MT) ×400. B — surface of non-sensory epithelium showing densely arranged ciliated supporting cells (solid arrows) encircled the non-ciliated supporting cells (SC) with adhering mucin mass (arrow heads). Note the opening of MC (broken arrows) in between SC (SEM) ×4500. C — dendrite of receptor cell (RC) emerging out from basal body (broken arrow). Note microtubules of rod (solid arrow) parallel arranged (TEM) ×5000. D —nuclei of receptor cells (N) showing dispersed heterochromatin (arrow heads). Note the presence of mitochondria (solid arrows) adjacent to nucleus (TEM) ×500. (E) Showing cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) (arrow heads) encircling nucleus (solid arrow). Note Golgi apparatus (broken arrow) adjacent to rER (TEM) ×4000. F — OEP lined with microvillous cells (MV), mucous cell (MC) and supporting cell (broken arrow) (TEM) ×2100. G — microvillous cells exhibiting abundant ribosomes (broken arrows) and extended mitochondria (arrow heads). Solid arrow indicates nucleus (TEM) ×5000. H — axons (broken arrows) of receptor cells run parallel on both sides of basal cells (solid arrow) (TEM) ×5000.
Fig. 3 in Histological, Topographical And Ultrastructural Organization Of Different Cells Lining The Olfactory Epithelium Of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus Nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of the olfactory epithelium of P. nattereri by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A — olfactory epithelium (OEP showing mucous cell (MC) having granules, microvillous cell (arrow head), labyrinth cell (broken arrow) and vesicular cytoplasm of supporting cell (solid arrow) (TEM) ×2100. B — flat surface ciliated supporting cell (solid arrow) provided with plenty of kinocilia (arrow heads) showing microtubular pattern (broken arrows). Note large number of mitochondria within the cytoplasm of supporting cells (TEM) ×5000. C — non-sensory olfactory epithelium (OEP) comprised of MC filled with large granules and supporting cells (solid arrows) (TEM) ×2100. D — basal cells provided with conspicuous lobular nuclei (N) having dense nucleolus (solid arrow). Note the presence of small vesicles (arrow head) adjacent the nucleus and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) (broken arrows) (TEM) ×2500. E — showing nuclear division of basal cells provided with dense nucleus (solid arrows). Broken arrows indicate mature nucleus of basal cells (TEM) ×2500. F — showing labyrinth cells (solid arrow) with conspicuous folding encircled by compactly arranged stratified epithelial cells (SEC). Note the presence of MC (broken arrows) in between SEC and mucin droplets (arrow heads) over SEC (SEM) ×4500. G — surface epithelium of raphe provided with packed SEC having labyrinth pattern microridges. Note the presence of opening of MC (solid arrows) and mucin droplets (arrow heads) over SEC (SEM) ×4500. H — raphe showing oval and elongated nuclei (N) of Stratified epithelial cells. Note the presence of rER (solid arrows) and vesicles (broken arrows) adjacent to nucleus (TEM) × 2500.
The protein organization of a red blood cell
<p>Elution profiles, feature matrix, train and test ppis, and metadata for the paper "The protein organization of a red blood cell". Sae-Lee et al., </p>
African Red Slip Ware Digital (ARS3D) - Comparison (Archaeology)
<p>Characteristic of the North African bowls, plates, and jugs are their pictorial decorations applied mainly by appliqués and stamps. As mass-produced image carriers and everyday objects, the ARS spread throughout the empire.</p> <p>The range of motifs includes mythological scenes as well as scenes from the Old and New Testament, circus, arena and hunting scenes as well as fish and plant motifs. The appliqués-decorated pottery thus provides insights into Late Antique imagination and its changes, as well as into the economic history of the period between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD in North Africa.</p> <p>Previous documentation methods were not able to capture the objects and their decoration in an adequate way. The digital recording of the RGZM's collections by 3D scans allows to compare potentially identical appliqués and to assign them to their negative forms and the corresponding stamps.</p> <p>Whereas vessel curvature previously falsified the assignment of appliqués and models, 3D analysis and visualisation tools now allow a comparison . Metadata created for each object increases the effectiveness and accuracy of determining image context and content. Issues related to the production of the ARS and the process flows within the workshops can be investigated through the analysis of the 3D data.</p> <p>The developed ontology uses CIDOC CRM and various extensions. The data mainly consists of objects (E24), on which e.g. applications (features, E25) can be found. These objects can be described semantically, e.g. by the shape or time epoch. Features are described with observations, e.g. a human type man standing and wearing a beard. These observations lead to interpretations whose arguments can be observations.</p>
Data from: Evaluating staging habitat quality to advance the conservation of a declining migratory shorebird, Red Knot Calidris canutus
<p>Identifying where and when population "bottlenecks" occur is critical to the conservation of migratory species, many of which are declining precipitously worldwide. Especially challenging is the evaluation of changes to staging sites. These sites are indispensable links in the migratory cycle but are typically used only briefly.</p> <p>We devised a field-based approach to assess the quality and carrying capacity of a critical staging site in Nanpu, China, for the declining, migratory Red Knot (Calidris canutus rogersi & C. c. piersmai) during northward migration. The Nanpu tidal flat supports 50,000-100,000 Red Knots annually, and while there, the knots feed almost exclusively on the bivalve Potamocorbula laevis. We simultaneously monitored changes in the abundance of Red Knots and bivalves across the entire staging site in spring 2018.</p> <p>After taking into account potential competition with other shorebird species, we estimated that the Nanpu tidal flat was capable of supporting approximately 1.46-1.70 times the current observed level of usage of the site by Red Knots, and therefore is operating below, but close, to carrying capacity with respect to food resources for Red Knots. This result suggests that any further development of this site could harm the EAAF Red Knot population.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: Quantitative monitoring and evaluation of habitat quality of staging sites are essential to successfully conserve declining migratory species. In particular, researchers and conservation practitioners should incorporate both population size and staging duration in order to more accurately assess the importance of different sites and to quantify how changes in staging habitat quality may translate into changes in migrant population sizes at both local and global scales.</p>
Interspecific coprophagia by wild red foxes: DNA metabarcoding reveals a potentially widespread form of commensalism among animals
<p>Vertebrate animals are known to consume other species' faeces, yet the role of such coprophagy in species dynamics remains unknown, not least due to the methodological challenges of documenting it. In a large-scale metabarcoding study of red fox and pine marten scats, we document a high occurrence of domestic dog DNA in red fox scats and investigate if it can be attributed to interspecific coprophagia. We tested whether experimental artifacts or other sources of DNA could account for dog DNA, regressed dog occurrence in the diet of fox against that of the fox' main prey, short-tailed field voles, and consider whether predation or scavenging could explain the presence of dog DNA. Additionally, we determined the calorific value of dog faeces through calorimetric explosion. The high occurrence of dog DNA in the diet of fox, the timing of its increase, and the negative relationship between dog and the fox's main prey, point to dog faeces as the source of DNA in fox scats. Dog faeces being highly calorific, we found that foxes, but not pine martens, regularly exploit them, seemingly as an alternative resource to fluctuating prey. Scattered accounts from the literature may suggest that interspecific coprophagia is a potentially frequent and widespread form of interaction among vertebrates. However, further work should address its prevalence in other systems as well as the implications for ecological communities. Tools such as metabarcoding offer a way forward.</p>
Data for: Red foxes enhance long-term tree growth near the Arctic treeline
<p>Recent climate warming is expected to increase tree growth and productivity, substantially altering ecological function and boundaries in northern ecosystems. Temperature and precipitation largely determine the range and growth of trees in any biome, yet variations in microsite conditions can also influence tree growth on a finer scale. By altering essential resources and habitat conditions, terrestrial organisms could modify Subarctic tree growth. Red foxes (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) are found in most terrestrial ecosystems and are considered ecosystem engineers by enriching soil nutrients and plant composition through denning. Added soil nutrients from prey remains, feces, and urine could benefit tree growth in Subarctic regions by alleviating soil nutrient limitations. We examined growth in white spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em>) trees growing on eight red fox dens and paired control sites near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, at the Arctic treeline. Radial growth was 55% higher for trees on dens than on control sites between 1897 and 2017, despite similarities in tree ages, densities, and regional climate across all sites. By promoting tree growth near the treeline, red foxes may influence the position of the Arctic treeline. Although the impacts on tree growth largely depend on the spatial distribution of dens and predator activity in the boreal forest, predators can create distinct microhabitats across the landscape via ecosystem engineering processes, leading to increased vegetation productivity, persisting over many decades.</p>
Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France
Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux & Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné & Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen & Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4
Seasonal but not sex-biased gene expression of the carotenoid ketolase, CYP2J19, in the sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix)
<p>Intense red colors in birds are often due to ketocarotenoids (KCs). In many land birds, KCs are oxidized from dietary yellow precursors, presumably by the avian carotenoid ketolase CYP2J19, the regulation and constraints of which have important implications for condition-dependence and honest signaling of carotenoid color displays. Here we investigate hepatic CYP2J19 gene expression in the seasonally and sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix) in relation to season, sex, progression of the prenuptial moult, testis size, body condition, reflectance-based redness (hue), and circulating sex steroids. A coloration function of CYP2J19 is supported by seasonal upregulation prior to and during the carotenoid-depositing stage of the male prenuptial moult. However, upregulation was similar in females (which do not moult prenuptially), and remained high in males after moult, suggesting additional or alternative functions of hepatic CYP2J19 or its products, such as detoxification or antioxidants, respectively. In males, the CYP2J19 upregulation preceded and was unrelated to the rise in plasma testosterone, but was correlated with androstenedione, likely of adrenal origin and compatible with luteinizing hormone-induced and (in females) estrogen-suppressed moult. Finally, contrary to ideas that carotenoid ketolation rate mediates honest signaling, CYP2J19 expression was not related to male body condition or plumage redness.</p>
From common gardens to candidate genes: Exploring local adaptation to climate in red spruce
<p><span>Local adaptation to climate is common in plant species and has been studied in a range of contexts, from improving crop yields to predicting population maladaptation to future conditions. The genomic era has brought new tools to study this process, which was historically explored through common garden experiments. </span></p> <p><span>In this study, we combine genomic methods and common gardens to investigate local adaptation in red spruce and identify environmental gradients and loci involved in climate adaptation. We first use climate transfer functions to estimate the impact of climate change on seedling performance in three common gardens. We then explore the use of multivariate gene-environment association (GEA) methods to identify genes underlying climate adaptation, with particular attention to the implications of conducting genome scans with and without correction for neutral population structure.</span></p> <p><span>This integrative approach uncovered phenotypic evidence of local adaptation to climate and identified a set of putatively adaptive genes, some of which are involved in three main adaptive pathways found in other temperate and boreal coniferous species: drought tolerance, cold hardiness, and phenology. These putatively adaptive genes segregated into two "modules" associated with different environmental gradients.</span></p> <p><span>This study nicely exemplifies the multivariate dimension of adaptation to climate in trees. </span></p>
Text-fig. 5. Extant Fraxinus fruits photographed by digital camera and X-ray microscopy. a: F. excelsior L. (Sect. Fraxinus); b: F. xanthoxyloides WALL. (Sect. Sciadanthus); c: F. malacophylla HEMSL. (Sect. Ornus). Red arrow refers to the air sac above seed, scale bars = 1 cm. in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 5. Extant Fraxinus fruits photographed by digital camera and X-ray microscopy. a: F. excelsior L. (Sect. Fraxinus); b: F. xanthoxyloides WALL. (Sect. Sciadanthus); c: F. malacophylla HEMSL. (Sect. Ornus). Red arrow refers to the air sac above seed, scale bars = 1 cm.
Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013). in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013).
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