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625 results for “Ruling”
FIGURE 2 in On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)
FIGURE 2. Trimeresurus viridis. Lacépède, 1804. Lectophoront, MNHN 4057. Lateral view of head, left side. Photograph by Patrick David.
FIGURE 1 in On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)
FIGURE 1. Trimeresurus viridis. Lacépède, 1804. Lectophoront, MNHN 4057. General view. Photograph by Patrick David.
FIGURE 4 in On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)
FIGURE 4. Trimeresurus viridis. Lacépède, 1804 Lectophoront, MNHN 4057. Venter. Photograph by Patrick David.
Figure 3. Majority rule 50 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo
Figure 3. Majority rule 50% consensus neighbour-joining (NJ) proportional cladogram generated from partial cytochrome b sequences (1201 bp). The NJ analysis was conducted using Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) distance and implemented in PAUP* 4.10b for Unix (Swofford, 2003), incorporating 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap support. The geographical origins of the different samples per species are indicated as A = Africa and M = Madagascar. Specimens are designated by their voucher number or, where they have not yet been catalogued, by their field number (see Table S1 for definitions of different acronyms).
Figure 1 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 1. Diagram of Mediterranean Islands showing endemic genera and species of soricids from the Plio–Quaternary to the present: white shrew silhouettes, current species; grey shrew silhouettes, extinct or with presence in the fossil record. From west to east: species of Nesiotites (extinct) from the Gymnesic Islands; species of Asoriculus (extinct) from the Corso-Sardinian complex; Asoriculus burgioi (extinct) from Sicily; Crocidura sicula sicula (present in the fossil record and extant) and Crocidura sicula esuae (extinct) from the Sicilian–Maltese archipelago; Crocidura zimmermanni (present in the fossil record and extant) from Crete; and Crocidura suaveolens praecypria (extinct) from Cyprus. See text for references.
Figure 2 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 2. Chronological framework of the species used in the study: in black, species related to the tribe Nectogalini; in grey, Crocidura species. The circles highlight the species analysed from different sites sorted biochronologically (connected by a thick line), the squares highlight the species analysed from only one site, and the empty squares highlight the mainland (ancestor) species. Below the species: the site, locality, and molar/s used for estimating body mass are listed.
Figure 4 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 4. Estimations of body masses (in g) of Nesiotites species (row A, lower molars) and Crocidura zimmermanni (row B, lower molars; and row C, upper molars) from different sites ordered chronologically (see Table 2 for site acronyms). The first column shows the predictions of body mass using all of the estimators (white square, LM1; black circle, WM1; grey circle, TRLM1; grey square, AAM1; white circle, TRAAM1) and the following columns represent each measurement separately (LM1, WM1, TRLM1, AAM1, and TRAAM1, respectively). In order to observe the fluctuation of the points, we linked the points with a line. Dotted lines in Nesiotites diagrams (row A) separate the three statistically different subgroups.
Figure 3 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 3. Measurements of mandible, cranium, and postcranial bones. A, cranium: WOC, width of the occipital condyles. B, mandible: TRLM/1, tooth row length of lower molars. C, femur: FL, femur length; FTDp, proximal femoral transversal diameter; FAPDd, distal femoral anteroposterior diameter; FTDd, distal femoral transversal diameter. D, humerus: HL, humerus length; HAPDp, proximal humeral anteroposterior diameter; HAPDd, distal humeral anteroposterior diameter; HTDd, distal humeral transversal diameter. E, tibia: TL, tibia length; TAPDp, proximal tibia anteroposterior diameter; TTDp, proximal tibia transversal diameter; TTDd, distal tibia transversal diameter.
Figure 5 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 5. Diagrams comparing the body mass (in g) of extant relatives and fossil species: A, extinct Asoriculus and Nesiotites species and the extant species of the tribe Nectogalini; B, extinct and extant Crocidura species. Lines indicate the body mass range of groups. See the legend for symbols.
Fig. 4. Fifty percent majority rule trees using Maximum Likelihood. A in Weak Genetic Differentiation among Populations of the Andean Ground Beetle Pelmatellus columbianus (Reiche, 1843) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 4. Fifty percent majority rule trees using Maximum Likelihood. A) COI, B) CAD. Bootstrap support shown above the branches.
Figure 3. Ninety per cent majority rule consensus cytochrome oxidase I in Swima (Annelida, Acrocirridae), holopelagic worms from the deep Pacific
Figure 3. Ninety per cent majority rule consensus cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene tree from Bayesian analyses of cirratuliform annelids, showing Swima as part of Acrocirridae and support for Swima monophyly. Unsupported branches were collapsed. Support indicated as posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate 1.0 or 100% support.
FIGURE 27. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using 16S in Revision of the French Terebellidae sensu stricto (Annelida, Terebelliformia), with descriptions of nine new species
FIGURE 27. Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using 16S. Asterisk indicates posterior probability> 80%. Text in red refers to specimens sequenced during this study.
Data from: Spectral inference reveals principal cone-integration rules of the zebrafish inner retina
<p>In the vertebrate retina, bipolar cells integrate the signals from different cone types at two main sites: directly, via dendritic inputs in the outer retina, and indirectly, via axonal inputs in the inner retina. Of these, the functional wiring of the indirect route, involving diverse amacrine cell circuits, remains largely uncharted. However, because cone-photoreceptor types differ in their spectral sensitivities, insights into the total functional cone-integration logic of bipolar cell might be gained by linking spectral responses across these two populations of neurons. To explore the feasibility of such a "spectral-circuit-mapping" approach, we here recorded <em>in vivo</em> responses of bipolar cell presynaptic terminals in larval zebrafish to widefield but spectrally resolved flashes of light. We then mapped the results onto the previously established spectral sensitivity functions of the four cones.</p> <p>We find that this approach could explain ∼95% of the spectral and temporal variance of bipolar cell responses by way of a simple linear model that combined weighted inputs from the cones with four stereotyped temporal components. This in turn revealed several notable integration rules of the inner retina. Overall, bipolar cells were dominated by red-cone inputs, often alongside equal sign inputs from blue- and green-cones. In contrast, UV-cone inputs were uncorrelated with those of the remaining cones. This led to a new axis of spectral opponency which was mainly set-up by red-/green-/blue-cone "Off" circuits connecting to "natively-On" UV-cone circuits in the outermost fraction of the inner plexiform layer – much as how key colour opponent circuits are established in mammals. Beyond this, and despite substantial temporal diversity that was not present in the cones, bipolar cell spectral tunings were surprisingly simple. They either approximately resembled both opponent and non-opponent spectral motifs already present in the cones or exhibited a stereotyped non-opponent broadband response. In this way, bipolar cells not only preserved the efficient spectral representations in the cones, but also diversified them to set up a total of six dominant spectral motifs which included three axes of spectral opponency. More generally, our results contribute to an emerging understanding of how retinal circuits for colour vision in ancestral cone-tetrachromats such as zebrafish may be linked to those found in mammals.</p>
FIGURE 5. Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree from a in A new vole from Xizang, China and the molecular phylogeny of the genus Neodon (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae)
FIGURE 5. Fifty percent majority rule consensus tree from a Bayesian inference analysis of cytochrome b nucleotide sequences. Numbers at nodes represent posterior probabilities.
FIGURE 3. Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree showing results from a in New species of Mouse Spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Actinopodidae: Missulena) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia
FIGURE 3. Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree showing results from a partitioned phylogenetic analysis of the COI mtDNA dataset (25 taxa, 826 bp). Species described in this study are colour-coded in orange. The three major uncovered lineages are shaded light blue, green and red. Posterior probabilities are calculated in %. Bioregions (see Fig. 2A): AW – Avon Wheatbelt, GAS – Gascoyne, OVP – Ord Victoria Plain, JAR – Jarrah Forest, MUR – Murchison.
FIGURE 4. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species
FIGURE 4. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a partitioned Bayesian inference analysis of concatenated DNA sequences of the 12S, 16S, COX1, COB, RAG1, KIAA1239, SACS, and TTN genes (6244 bp), showing relationships among species of the Cophylinae. Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities (first number; values>0.95 bold) and maximum parsimony bootstrap values in percent (second value;>70% bold). The grey box highlights the included species of the genera Cophyla and Platypelis, which form two highly supported and reciprocally monophyletic groups.
FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a in Revision and phylogeny of narrow-mouthed treefrogs (Cophyla) from northern Madagascar: integration of molecular, osteological, and bioacoustic data reveals three new species
FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree derived from a partitioned Bayesian inference analysis of DNA sequences of the nuclear RAG1 gene (503 bp), showing relationships among species of Cophyla. Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities (only values>0.9 shown). The tree was rooted with the same outgroups as in Fig. 2 (removed for better graphical representation).
Rechtsstaatlichkeit (with État de droit) & Rule of Law
<p> [13:40]</p> <p>transubstantiation of the concept / now prescriptive use, instead of once descriptive one / notion overburdened and therefore self-emptying / particular a notion with hic et nunc determination / by expansion, living its honeymoon period / but transplantibility presupposes transfer of culture lived as well / it is an ideal, not operative a concept in/for law</p>
Scheib_Stoll_Randerath_Frontiers_Does Aging Amplify the Rule-based Efficiency Effect in Action Selection_Dataset
<p>Dataset belongs to publication in Frontiers in Psychology, section Cognition</p> <p>Title: Does Aging Amplify the Rule-based Efficiency Effect in Action Selection?<br> Authors: Jean P. P. Scheib 1; Sarah E. M. Stoll 1,2; Jennifer Randerath 3,2,1</p> <p>Affiliations:<br> 1: University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,</p> <p>2: Lurija Institute for Rehabilitation Science and Health Research, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany</p> <p>3: University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</p>
Synthetic Datasets from the 2023 ECXAI Workshop Paper on Principled Benchmarking for Rule Set Learning Algorithms
<p>Synthetic datasets generated as part of the demonstration given in the paper <em>Towards Principled Synthetic Benchmarks for Explainable Rule Set Learning Algorithms</em> presented at the <em>Evolutionary Computing and Explainable Artificial Intelligence</em> (ECXAI) workshop taking place as part of the 2023 GECCO conference.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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