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FIGURES 28–33 in A reanalysis of the morphological phylogeny of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon (Araneae: Pholcidae) with the description of a new species and description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Mexico

FIGURES 28–33. Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón, 2010. Female. 28–30, Habitus, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views respectively (left arrow on Fig. 28 indicates the posterior dorsal protuberance on carapace, right arrow indicates the sclerotized patch on opisthosoma). 31, Epigynum, ventral view. 32, Epigynum, left lateral view. 33, Epigynum, dorsal view. Scales: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: PP, pore plates; VAE, ventral apophyses of epigynum.

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FIGURES 18–27 in A reanalysis of the morphological phylogeny of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon (Araneae: Pholcidae) with the description of a new species and description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Mexico

FIGURES 18–27. Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón, 2010. Male (holotype). 18–20, Habitus, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views respectively. 21, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 22, Carapace dorsal view. 23–24, Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views respectively (arrow indicates the subdistal apophysis on each chelicera). 25–27, Left palp, retrolateral, dorsal, and prolateral views respectively (arrow on Fig. 25 indicates the distal apophysis on femur, which has a long seta; left arrow on Fig. 26 indicates the apical conspicuous spine on embolus, right arrow indicates the apical bifurcation on embolus). Scales: 0.3 mm (Fig. 24), 0.5 mm (Figs 18–23, 25–27). Abbreviations: BU, bulb of the palp; ES, embolic sclerites; LAC, lateral apophyses of chelicerae; SF, stridulatory files of chelicerae; SO, spermatic operculum.

Figure 94 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 94. Chronogram with the molecular dating for the genus Ixchela using the lognormal relaxed clock model. Bars at nodes indicate the 95% highest posterior density interval (HPD) to each tmrca (time of the most recent common ancestor). Numbers on bars indicate the mean age for each node in millions of years (Mya). Gradient of colours indicates ages of nodes, from the older nodes (darker) toward more recent nodes (lighter).

Figure 95 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 95. Biogeographical provinces of Mexico following the scheme of Morrone (2004, 2005), showing the distribution of the genus Ixchela. Red background colour indicates the Mexican Montane biotic component and its provinces: 1, Sierra Madre Occidental (no records of Ixchela); 2, Transmexican Volcanic Belt (species recorded in green); 3, Sierra Madre Oriental (species recorded in yellow); 4, Cuenca del Balsas (no records of Ixchela); 5, Sierra Madre del Sur (species recorded in dark blue). Yellow background colour indicates the Province of Chiapas (species recorded in light blue) which belongs to the Mesoamerican biotic component and is extended toward mountainous zones of Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua).

Figure 93 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 93. Majority consensus tree derived from the Bayesian analysis using the (morphology + CO1 + 16S) data set. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches: (+) indicates clades found with PA/ Jackknife support values and/or with significant PA/Bremer support values. Black squares below branches indicate clades found with PA using different concavity values (K) using implied weighting; white squares indicate clades not recovered with some concavity values (see inset). Numbers and arrows indicate clades that are discussed in the text.

Figure 91 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 91. Consensus tree of the five most parsimonious trees obtained by the morphological cladistic analysis with equal weighting of characters (L = 59, CI = 0.72, RI = 0.84). Black squares indicate synapomorphic or apomorphic states, whereas white squares indicate homoplastic character states. Small numbers above squares indicate character number; small numbers below squares indicate character state. Larger numbers above branches indicate Jackknife support values; larger numbers below branches indicate Bremer support values. Black squares below branches indicate clades recovered with PA using different concavity values (K) using implied weighting; white squares indicate clades not recovered with some concavity values (see inset).

Figure 92 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 92. Majority consensus tree derived from the Bayesian analysis using the morphology + CO1 data set. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches: (+) indicates clades found with PA/Jackknife support values and/or with statistically significant PA/Bremer support values. Black squares below branches indicate clades found with PA using different concavity values (K) using implied weighting; white squares indicate clades not recovered with some concavity values (see inset). Numbers and arrows indicate clades that are discussed in the text.

Figures 79–89 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 79–89. Ixchela tlayuda sp. nov. Male: 79, 80, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 81, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 82, Chelicerae, frontal view. 83–84, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 85, Chelicera, lateral view. Female: 86, Epigynum, left lateral view. 87, Epigynum, ventral view. 88, Epigynum, dorsal view. 89, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 82, 85, 88), 1 mm (Figs 79–81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89).

Figures 68–78 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 68–78. Ixchela purepecha sp. nov. Male: 68, 69, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 70, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 71, Chelicerae, frontal view. 72, 73, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 74, Chelicera, lateral view. Female: 75, Epigynum, left lateral view. 76, Epigynum, ventral view. 77, Epigynum, anterior–dorsal view. 78, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 71, 74, 75, 77), 1 mm (Figs 68, 69, 72, 73, 76, 78).

Figures 45–55 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 45–55. Ixchela jalisco sp. nov. Male: 45, 46, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 47, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 48, Chelicerae, frontal view. 49, 50, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 51, Chelicera, lateral view. Female: 52, Epigynum, left lateral view. 53, Epigynum, ventral view. 54, Epigynum, dorsal view. 55, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 48, 51, 52, 54, 55), 1 mm (Figs 45–47, 49, 50, 53).

Figures 56–67 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 56–67. Ixchela mendozai sp. nov. Male: 56, 57, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 58, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 59, Chelicerae, frontal view. 60, 61, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 62, Chelicera, lateral view. 63, Bulb and embolus, prolatero-dorsal view (arrow indicates the curved and sharp subdistally sclerotized spine). Female: 64, Epigynum, ventral view. 65, Epigynum, dorsal view. 66, Epigynum, left lateral view. 67, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 58, 59, 62–67), 1 mm (Figs 56, 57, 60, 61).

Figures 34–44 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 34–44. Ixchela azteca sp. nov. Male: 34, 35, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 36, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 37, Chelicerae, frontal view. 38, 39, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 40, Chelicera, lateral view. Female: 41, Epigynum, left lateral view. 42, Epigynum, ventral view. 43, Epigynum, dorsal view. 44, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 42, 43), 1 mm (Figs 34–41, 44).

Figures 26–33 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 26–33. Ixchela azteca sp. nov. Male. 26, Chelicerae, ventral view. 27, Left chelicerae, frontal view. 28, Right chelicerae, posterior view. 29, Left endite, ventral view (arrow indicates the serrated margin). 30, Detail of the serrated margin on endite. 31, Spinnerets, ventral view. 32, Detail of one anterior lateral spinneret (arrows indicate the slightly pointed spigot and the wide spigot). 33, Detail of one posterior median spinneret (arrows indicate the acciniform gland spigots). Scale bars: 50 μm (Figs 30, 32, 33), 100 μm (Figs 28, 29), 200 μm (Fig. 27), 300 μm (Fig. 31), 500 μm (Fig. 26).

Figure 19 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 19. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, male and female gonopods, ventral view (characters 36–46). A–C, Sarax pakistanus (Weygoldt, 2005), ♂ (MHNG). D, Charinus brasilianus Weygoldt, 1972, ♀ (MNRJ 9232). E, Charinus gertschi Goodnight & Goodnight, 1946, ♀ (AMNH [LP 10076]). F, Charinus cubensis (Quintero, 1983), ♀ (USNM ENT 784407). Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Figure 18 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 18. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, sternum, ventral view (characters 15, 16) A. Sarax tiomanensis Miranda et al., 2021, ♂ (AMCC [LP 12001]), B. Charinus cubensis (Quintero, 1983), ♀ (USNM 784407), C. Charinus montanus Weygoldt, 1972, ♀ (MNRJ 9087). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 17 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 17. Phylogeny of the whip spider genus Charinus Simon, 1892: excerpt of tree obtained by analysis with BEAST, showing divergence between clades of Australian Charinus pescotti Dunn, 1949 and Neocaledonian Charinus neocaledonicus Kraepelin, 1895 and Charinus elegans Weygoldt, 2006. Paleomap of part of Oceania at 70 Mya, modified from Crawford et al. (2003).

Figure 15 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 15. Contemporary islands and biogeographical divisions of the Indo-Pacific Archipelago, modified from Lohman et al. (2011), illustrating distributions of Sarax Simon, 1872 whip spiders in the region. Map includes all species known from the region, including those excluded from the study due to absence of samples for analysis, such as S. cavernicola Rahmadi et al., 2010, S. curioi Giupponi & Miranda, 2012, S. mardua Rahmadi et al., 2010, S. monodenticulatus Rahmadi & Kojima, 2010, S. newbritainensis Rahmadi & Kojima, 2010, S. sangkulirangensis Rahmadi et al., 2010, S timorensis Miranda & Reboleira, 2019.

Figure 16 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 16. Distributions of the Australian (A) and New Caledonian (B) species of Charinus Simon, 1892 whip spiders: Charinus cavernicolus Weygoldt, 2006 (diamond); Charinus elegans L. Koch, 1867 (triangle); Charinus longipes Weygoldt, 2006 (star); Charinus neocaledonicus Simon in Kraepelin, 1895 (circles); Charinus pecki Weygoldt, 2006 (square); Charinus pescotti Dunn, 1949 (cross).

Figure 14 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 14. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, leg IV second tarsal segment, lateral view illustrating presence and extent of weakly sclerotized area (arrows in A, B; characters 135, 136). A, Charinus insularis Banks, 1902, ♀ (KBIN). B, Charinus pescotti Dunn, 1949, ♂ [AMNH (LP 6367)]. C, Charinus belizensis Miranda et al., 2016, ♂ (HUJ INV AMB 117). D, Sarax pakistanus (Weygoldt, 2005), ♂ (MHNG). E, Sarax seychellarum (Kraepelin, 1898), ♀ [AMNH (LP 9075)]. F, Charinus palikur Miranda et al., 2021, ♂ (AMNH LP 3831). G, Charinus sillami Réveillion & Maquart, 2015, ♀ [AMNH (LP 13448)]. H. Sarax bispinosus (Nair, 1934), ♂ [AMNH (LP 12298)]. I, Sarax cochinensis Gravely, 1915, ♀ [AMNH (LP 13118)]. J, Weygoldtia davidovi (Fage, 1946), ♂ [AMNH (LP 11377)]. Scale bars: A, B, C, E, F, I, J, 0.5mm; D, 0.25 mm; G, 0.4 mm; H, 0.3 mm.

Figure 12 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 12. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, pedipalp coxae, dorsal view illustrating semicircular carina (characters 91–97); setae indicated with white dots. A, Charinus ruschii Miranda et al., 2016, ♀ (MNRJ 9237). B, Charinus montanus Weygoldt, 1972, ♂ (MNRJ 9242). C, Charinus australianus (L. Koch, 1867), ♂ (SMF). D, Charinus koepckei Weygoldt, 1972, ♀ (SMF 25762). E, Charinus cavernicolus Weygoldt, 2006, ♀ (MNHN AM 2). F, Charinus elegans Weygoldt, 2006, ♀ (MNHN AM 4). G, Charinus longipes Weygoldt, 2006, ♀ (MNHN AM 5). H, Charinus fagei Weygoldt, 1972, ♀ (MNHN). I, K, Sarax indochinensis Miranda et al., 2021, ♀ (MNHN AM 15). J, Sarax pakistanus Weygoldt, 2005, ♂ (SMF 40168). L, Sarax batuensis (Roewer, 1962), ♂ (SMF 13906). M, Sarax rimosus (Simon, 1901), ♀ (SMF 35614). N, Sarax willeyi (Gravely, 1915), ♀ (SMF 64592). O, Sarax gravelyi Miranda et al., 2021, ♀ (SMF 62287). P, Sarax cochinensis (Gravely, 1915), ♀ (SMF 64592). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.