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2,006 results for “andes”
Figure 3 in Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Figure 3. Relative biomass of prey orders found in Puma concolor feces at the Central Andes of Colombia.
Data from: Why is Amazonia a 'source' of biodiversity? climate-mediated dispersal and synchronous speciation across the Andes in an avian group (Tityrinae)
Amazonia is a 'source' of biodiversity for other Neotropical ecosystems, but which conditions trigger in situ speciation and emigration is contentious. Three hypotheses for how communities have assembled include (1) a stochastic model wherein chance dispersal events lead to gradual emigration and species accumulation, (2) diversity-dependence wherein successful dispersal events decline through time due to ecological limits, and (3) barrier displacement wherein environmental change facilitates dispersal to other biomes via transient habitat corridors. We sequenced thousands of molecular markers for the Neotropical Tityrinae (Aves) and applied a novel filtering protocol to identify loci with high utility for dated phylogenomics. We used these loci to estimate divergence times and model Tityrinae's evolutionary history. We detected a prominent role for speciation driven by barriers including synchronous speciation across the Andes, and found that dispersal increased toward the present. Because diversification was continuous but dispersal was non-random over time, we show that barrier displacement better explains Tityrinae's history than stochasticity or diversity-dependence. We propose that Amazonia is a source of biodiversity because (1) it is a relic of a biome that was once more extensive, (2) environmentally-mediated corridors facilitated emigration, and (3) constant diversification is attributed to a spatially heterogeneous landscape that is perpetually dynamic through time.
Figure 4 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of the COI gene.The tree was inferred through Maximum Likelihood (ML) method with the GTR + I evolution model. The sequences obtained in this study (bold) and the GenBank accessions numbers are provided within brackets. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site.
Figure 3 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of the 12S rRNA gene. The tree was inferred through Maximum Likelihood (ML) method with the Tamura 3-parameter evolution model. The sequences obtained in this study (bold) and GenBank accessions numbers are provided within brackets. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values.
Figure 2 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 2. Adult female of the Argentine Bat, Eptesicus furinalis infested by seven individuals of Hectopsylla pulex in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views. (C) lateral view of female, in the neosomal form of H. pulex. The specimen (MHN-UCa-M 3299) was collected in a peri-urban area at the northeastern part of the Municipality of Dosquebradas, Department of Risaralda, Colombia.
Figure 5 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the concatenation of 12S and COI genes.The tree was inferred through Maximum Likelihood (ML) method with the GTR + I evolution model. The sequences obtained in this study (bold) and the GenBank accessions numbers are provided within brackets (12S; COI respectively). Numbers at nodes are above-selected branch support analysis from left to right: ultrafast bootstraps values, and Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood-ratio test (SH-like aLRT). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site.
Figure 1 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 1. First document record of infestation of Hectopsylla pulex on a bat of the family Vespertilionidae in Colombia. (A) The new record in Eptesicus furinalis was obtained in Dosquebradas, Department of Risaralda (red star). Records for molossid, noctilionid, and phyllostomid species are shown. (B) Additional records of H. pulex infesting bats (Eptesicus, Histiotus, and Myotis) of the family Vespertilionidae in South America.
Parallel Body Shape Divergence in the Neotropical Fish Genus Rhoadsia (Teleostei: Characidae) Along Elevational Gradients of the Western Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes
<p>TPS files for geometric morphometric analysis of body shape data of Rhoadsia spp. (Teleostei: Characidae) collected in western Ecuador.</p>
Parallel Body Shape Divergence in the Neotropical Fish Genus Rhoadsia (Teleostei: Characidae) Along Elevational Gradients of the Western Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes
<p>Morphological data collected from specimens of Rhoadsia spp. (Teleostei: Characidae) in western Ecuador. Excel file with individual standard length (SL), body depth (BD), size-adjusted fineness ratio (Adj_FR), and size-adjusted canonical variates analysis scores on axes 1 and 2 (Adj_CV1, Adj_CV2).</p>
Citizen science data reveals altitudinal movement and seasonal ecosystem use by hummingbirds in the Andes Mountains
Ensuring connectivity is crucial to protect landscapes but it requires knowledge about how animals use ecosystems throughout the year. However, animal movements remain largely unknown in biodiversity hotspots, even for species that fulfill key ecological roles, as is the case of hummingbirds in the Andes. In the complex topography of mountain slopes, movement of these avian pollinators may occur either between habitat patches with asynchronous plant blooms or across ecosystems that are located within same elevation bands or along altitudinal gradients. Here, we used two decades (2000-2020) of records from citizen science data and boosted regression trees to predict monthly distributions for 55 hummingbird species in the Andes. We identified shifts in altitudinal distribution between contiguous months and calculated changes in the proportion of predicted distributions occupied by ecosystem types. Our findings reveal substantial altitudinal movement and differences in the proportion of ecosystem types utilized throughout the year that had not been previously reported for several species. Yet the magnitude of altitudinal and ecosystem shifts varies between hummingbird clades, and in some cases changes in the proportion of ecosystem types within estimated distributions occurs with little variation in altitude. All ecosystems across the Andes show temporal changes in hummingbird occurrence, but these are higher in natural landscapes compared to croplands or urban areas. Finally, we used phylogenetic logistic regression to test whether altitudinal and ecosystem shifts affect population trends. We found that higher ecosystem seasonality is more strongly associated with decreasing populations in comparison to altitudinal shifts. Altogether, our study reveals complex patterns of movement in hummingbirds and highlights the importance of ecological connectivity across different ecosystem types. More generally, it demonstrates the opportunity of using citizen science data to increase understanding about species' seasonal occurrences so that landscapes can be better managed to protect animal movement.
Data from: Warming had contrasting effects on the importance of facilitative interactions with a cushion nurse species on native and non-native species in the high-Andes of central Chile
<p>Alpine habitats are regarded as particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. On one hand, global warming is supposed to contributes to alpine environments becoming less stressful. On the other hand, altered snowpack due to warmer temperatures can intensify the stress in these habitats. The presence of non-native plants on some of these habitats is due to the facilitative effects exerted by native nurse plants, becoming an additional threat. According to the stress gradient hypothesis the importance of facilitative interactions with nurse species is expected to diminish as environmental harshness decreases due to climate change, yet remains important if climate change heightens the stress in alpine habitats. However, the responses also depend on climate change's impact on the nurse species. We conducted an experimental warming experiment in the Andes of the central Chile to assess the effects of warmer temperatures on the growth, reproduction and photochemical efficiency of the cushion nurse plant Azorella madreporica. Further we performed a cushion removal experiment involving three native species (Gamocarpha ventosa, Nocaccea magellanica and Rytidosperma pictum) and two non-native species (Cerastium arvense and Taraxacum officinale) to assess whether facilitative interactions changed with warming. We expected that under warmer conditions facilitation continued be important for the native species but decreased for the non-natives as the latter are abundant at warmer low elevations. We found that warmer conditions increased the photochemical efficiency and growth of the nurse cushions. Removal of cushions resulted in high mortality rates for all species. However, under warmer conditions, native species exhibited lower survival rates, whereas non-natives showed no significant changes compared to control groups. In summary, warmer temperatures were beneficial for the nurses maintaining the importance of facilitative interactions for native species, but not for the non-natives.</p>
Data from: Microbial carbon use efficiency and soil organic carbon stocks across an elevational gradient in the Peruvian Andes
<p>Soils of mountain ecosystems are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change, while the ecosystem services they produce are significant and currently at risk. High altitude soils contain high C stocks, but due to difficult access to sites these areas are understudied. Moreover, how the C and N cycling is changing in response to climate change in these ecosystems, is still unclear. Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) and its dependency on the environmental constraints along the altitudinal gradients is one important unknown factor. Here we present results from an altitudinal gradient study (3500 to 4500 m a.s.l.) from a Polylepis forest in the Peruvian Andes. We measured the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and microbial metabolic CUE by <sup>13</sup>C glucose tracing and microbial resource use efficiency (CUE<sub>C</sub><sub>:</sub><sub>N</sub>) based on enzyme activity measurements. We expected to find an increase in SOC stock, microbial nutrient limitations, and lower CUE with elevation. SOC stocks depended on soil development and followed a unimodal curve that peaks at 4000 m in two of the three studied valleys. Neither <sup>13</sup>CUE nor CUE<sub>C:N</sub> changed significantly with altitude. Soil C:N ratio, β-glucosidase, chitinase, and phosphatase enzyme activities increased with elevation, but peroxidase activity decreased with elevation. We suggest that more labile organic matter left at high elevation could compensate for the increasing nutrient limitation at high elevation, resulting in no noticeable change in CUE with elevation.</p>
Patterns in the genetic structure of 49 lowland rain forest tree species co-distributed on opposite sides of the Northern Andes
<p>The Andes are a major dispersal barrier for lowland rain forest plants and animals, yet hundreds of lowland tree species are distributed on both sides of the Northern Andes, raising questions about how the Andes influenced their biogeographic histories and population genetic structure. To explore these questions, we generated standardized datasets of thousands of SNPs from paired populations of 49 tree species co-distributed in rain forest tree communities located in Panama and Amazonian Ecuador and calculated genetic diversity (<em>π</em>) and absolute genetic divergence (<em>d</em><sub>XY</sub>) within and between populations, respectively. We predicted (1) higher genetic diversity in the ancestral source region (east or west of the Andes) for each taxon, and (2) correlation of genetic statistics with species attributes, including elevational range and life-history strategy. We found that genetic diversity was higher in putative ancestral source regions, possibly reflecting founder events during colonization. We found little support for a relationship between genetic divergence and species attributes except that species with higher elevational range limits exhibited higher <em>d</em><sub>XY</sub>, implying older divergence times. One possible explanation for this pattern is that dispersal through mountain passes declined in importance relative to dispersal via alternative lowland routes as the Andes experienced uplift. We found no difference in mean genetic diversity between populations in Central America and the Amazon. Overall, our results suggest that dispersal across the Andes has left enduring signatures in the genetic structure of widespread rain forest trees. We outline additional hypotheses to be tested with species-specific case studies.</p>
Miocene construction of the High Andes recorded by exhumation of the Frontal Cordillera, La Ramada Massif of western Argentina (31°S) (Supporting Information)
<p>Supporting datasets for Howlett et al., "Miocene construction of the High Andes recorded by exhumation of the Frontal Cordillera, La Ramada Massif of western Argentina (31°S)" <em><strong>in review</strong></em> at <em>Earth and Planetary Science Letters (EPSL) </em>as of <strong>April 3, 2024.</strong></p>
Data from: Sequential use of niche and occupancy models identifies conservation and research priority areas for two data-poor endemic birds from the Colombian Andes
<p>The lack of high-quality information on data-poor species can hinder efforts to inform conservation actions via spatial distribution modeling. This is particularly true for tropical birds of conservation concern, for which ecological studies and assessments of their conservation status have received limited funding. Here we use a cost- and time-efficient protocol for assessing the distribution of range-restricted taxa and to identify priority areas for their conservation based on a sequential application of Environmental Niche Models (ENMs) and Occupancy-Detection Models. This approach first uses available geographical information and niche-theory to prioritize potential study sites, which can later be surveyed to obtain high-quality presence-absence data to accurately model distributional ranges with limited resources. We apply this protocol to identify priority areas for two Neotropical birds of conservation concern endemic to the Colombian Andes: Yellow-headed Brush-finch (<i>Atlapetes flaviceps</i>) and Tolima Dove (<i>Leptotila conoveri</i>). We first fitted ENMs using spatially-filtered datasets containing all available records up to 2018. We then conducted field surveys across climatically suitable areas identified for both species, carrying out a total of 1750 counts to generate input data for the occupancy models. Overall, our results suggested more extended and more continuous distribution ranges for both species than previously reported, but also identified population strongholds that are not currently represented within the national protected areas system. Both species occupied a narrow elevational belt (~1300–2600) of the Central Andes of Colombia primarily on the slopes of the Magdalena River valley, with isolated populations in the Western and Eastern Andes; these areas have undergone some of the most marked landscape transformations in Colombia. This straightforward protocol maximizes available information and minimizes costs, while allowing for estimation of occurrence probabilities for range-restricted, data-poor taxa.</p>
FIGURA 5 in Anuros del norte de los andes: patrones de riqueza de especies y estado de conservación
FIGURA 5: Número de especies amenazadas por familia en el norte de los Andes.
Data from: A millennium of climatic and floristic dynamics in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes
<p><span>The transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, 950-1250 CE) to the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1350 to 1800 CE) is the largest pre-industrial climate shift within the last two millennia, offering an opportunity to study how vegetation responds to rapid climate change. We analyzed a sedimentary record from the Colombian Andes to reconstruct regional vegetation dynamics during this time interval, identify the modern environmental distribution of taxa present in the fossil record, and provide a reference for modern regional temperature change.</span> <span>A sediment core was analyzed for organic geochemistry and pollen to reconstruct environmental and vegetation variability between 800 and 1800 CE. Modern occurrences of individuals of the genera found in the fossil record were used to model the distribution of taxa across gradients of mean annual temperature and precipitation. These models were used to reconstruct temperature and precipitation across time and evaluate the probability of occurrence of taxa from the fossil record across the contemporary landscape. </span><span> </span><span>Reconstructed regional vegetation dynamics were highly coupled with global temperature patterns. Reconstructed climate showed that conditions were warm and dry during the MCA, and cold and relatively wet during the LIA, although quantitative estimations might have been amplified by human disturbances. Rates of temperature change during the MCA-LIA transition were substantially lower than those calculated for the last two decades. Vegetation turnover between 800 and 1800 CE resembled those expressed through a transect extending ~30 km southeast from the lake.</span><span> Around lake Tota, modern rates of temperature change have no precedent within the last two millennia. The modern environmental affinities of taxa involved in vegetation turnover during the MCA-LIA transition point to the importance of landscape diversity and connectivity for rapid vegetation response to climate change.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in Two new species of Exetastes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) from the Peruvian Andes
Fig. 1. Image of the pre-montane forest habitat in which Exetastes andensis sp. nov. was collected.
Towards accurate quantification of ice content in permafrost of the Central Andes, part I: geophysics-based estimates from three different regions
<p>This data set contains two zip-files for a) the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data, and b) the refraction seismic tomography (RST) data used in</p> <p>Hilbich, C., Hauck, C., Mollaret, C., Wainstein, P., and Arenson, L. U.: Towards accurate quantification of ice content in permafrost of the Central Andes, part I: geophysics-based estimates from three different regions. The Cryosphere, 16, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>1) Files included in allERT_Zenodo.zip:</strong></p> <p>(i) all ERT raw data files used in the paper,</p> <p>(ii) Topo_allERT.xlsx --> with the topography data of all profiles</p> <p>(iii) readme_ERT_files.txt --> with further explanations</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>2) Files included in allRST_Zenodo.zip:</strong></p> <p>(i) all RST raw data files used in the paper,</p> <p>(ii) Topo_xxx.txt with the topography data of each profile</p> <p>(iii) readme_RST_files.txt --> with further explanations</p> <p> </p> <p>Please consult the readme files first.</p>
Data from: The DNA history of a lonely oak: Quercus humboldtii phylogeography in the Colombian Andes
<p>The climatic and geological changes that occurred during the Quaternary, particularly the fluctuations during the glacial and interglacial periods of the Pleistocene, shaped the population demography and geographic distribution of many species. These processes have been studied in several groups of organisms in the northern hemisphere, but their influence on the evolution of Neotropical montane species and ecosystems remains unclear. This study contributes to the understanding of the effect of climatic fluctuations during the late Pleistocene on the evolution of Andean mountain forests. Firstly, by describing the nuclear and plastidic DNA patterns of genetic diversity, structure, historical demography and landscape connectivity of <i>Quercus humboldtii</i>, which is a typical species in northern Andean montane forests. Then, by comparing these patterns with the palynological and evolutionary hypotheses postulated for montane forests of the Colombian Andes under climatic fluctuation scenarios during the Quaternary. Our results indicated that populations of <i>Q. humboldtii</i> have high genetic diversity, a lack of genetic structure, and a historical increase in connectivity from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. Furthermore, our results showed a dramatic reduction in the effective population size followed by an expansion before the LGM, which coincides with the results found by palynological studies, suggesting a change in dominance in Andean forests that may be related to ecological factors rather than climate change.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.