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384 results for “epiphyte”
FIGURE. Monocots. A. Clowesia thylaciochila, B. Cuitlauzina pendula, C. Dichaea glauca, D. Dinema polybulbon, E. Domingoa kienastii, F. Encyclia hanburyi, G. Encyclia bractescens, H in Mexican Vascular Epiphytes: Richness and Distribution
FIGURE. Monocots. A. Clowesia thylaciochila, B. Cuitlauzina pendula, C. Dichaea glauca, D. Dinema polybulbon, E. Domingoa kienastii, F. Encyclia hanburyi, G. Encyclia bractescens, H. Encyclia parviflora. (Photographs by Adolfo Espejo-Serna).
FIGURE 5. Basal Angiosperms and Monocots. A. Peperomia edulis, B. Peperomia emarginella, C. Peperomia quadrifolia, D. Peperomia tenerrima, E. Anthurium scandens, F. Anthurium schlechtendalii, G. Monstera tuberculata var. tuberculata, H in Mexican Vascular Epiphytes: Richness and Distribution
FIGURE 5. Basal Angiosperms and Monocots. A. Peperomia edulis, B. Peperomia emarginella, C. Peperomia quadrifolia, D. Peperomia tenerrima, E. Anthurium scandens, F. Anthurium schlechtendalii, G. Monstera tuberculata var. tuberculata, H. Philodendron warszewiczii. (Photographs A–B, E–H by Adolfo Espejo-Serna; C–D by Thorsten Krömer).
FIGURE 7. Monocots and Eudicots. A. Trichocentrum microchilum, B. Trichocentrum ascendens, C. Aporocactus flagelliformis, D. Disocactus phyllantoides, E. Epiphyllum hookeri, F. Mammillaria haageana, G. Echeveria rosea, H in Mexican Vascular Epiphytes: Richness and Distribution
FIGURE 7. Monocots and Eudicots. A. Trichocentrum microchilum, B. Trichocentrum ascendens, C. Aporocactus flagelliformis, D. Disocactus phyllantoides, E. Epiphyllum hookeri, F. Mammillaria haageana, G. Echeveria rosea, H. Columnea schiedeana. (Photographs by Adolfo Espejo-Serna).
FIGURE. Monocots. A. Myrmecophila tibicinis, B. Oestlundia cyanocolumna, C. Ornithocephalus bicornis, D. Oncidium hintonii, E. Oncidium maculatum, F. Prosthechea chondylobulbon, G. Prosthechea ghiesbreghtiana, H in Mexican Vascular Epiphytes: Richness and Distribution
FIGURE. Monocots. A. Myrmecophila tibicinis, B. Oestlundia cyanocolumna, C. Ornithocephalus bicornis, D. Oncidium hintonii, E. Oncidium maculatum, F. Prosthechea chondylobulbon, G. Prosthechea ghiesbreghtiana, H. Prosthechea karwinskii. (Photographs by Adolfo Espejo-Serna).
FIGURE 3. Monocots. A. Gongora galeottiana, B. Hintonella mexicana, C. Ionopsis utricularioides, D. Laelia albida, E. Laelia gouldiana, F. Lalexia quadrifida, G. Lycaste consobrina, H in Mexican Vascular Epiphytes: Richness and Distribution
FIGURE 3. Monocots. A. Gongora galeottiana, B. Hintonella mexicana, C. Ionopsis utricularioides, D. Laelia albida, E. Laelia gouldiana, F. Lalexia quadrifida, G. Lycaste consobrina, H. Maxillaria densa. (Photographs by Adolfo Espejo-Serna).
FIGURE. Typical habitats of Ramalina species on northern South America. A. High paramo, Laguna Anteojos, Sierra Nevada de Merida, where grows on rocks R. anteojina at 4100 m. B. Sub-paramo (timberline), La Aguada, Sierra Nevada de Merida, 3100 m, where are found R. dictyota and R. reducta on shrubs. C. Andean cloud forest, La Victoria, Sierra Nevada de Merida where R. cochlearis, R. cumanensis and R. victoriana are found growing as epiphytes. D. Populations of R. usnea, R. morrocoyensis and R. paradisensis growing as epiphytes on mangroves and Suriana maritima at sea level, National Park Morrocoy, state Falcón; the latter two species are known only from this locality. E. Ramalina usnea is the only species of this genus reported from the Alto Orinoco, Amazonas, near La Esmeralda, 150 m, growing as corticolous in submontane forests, at the top of the picture the Cerro Duida. F. Xerophytic forests from the National Park Cerro Santa Ana, state Falcón, where Ramalina santanensis and R. microphylla are known only growing on soil and rocks at 200–400 m. Photos V. Marcano. in The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America
FIGURE. Typical habitats of Ramalina species on northern South America. A. High paramo, Laguna Anteojos, Sierra Nevada de Merida, where grows on rocks R. anteojina at 4100 m. B. Sub-paramo (timberline), La Aguada, Sierra Nevada de Merida, 3100 m, where are found R. dictyota and R. reducta on shrubs. C. Andean cloud forest, La Victoria, Sierra Nevada de Merida where R. cochlearis, R. cumanensis and R. victoriana are found growing as epiphytes. D. Populations of R. usnea, R. morrocoyensis and R. paradisensis growing as epiphytes on mangroves and Suriana maritima at sea level, National Park Morrocoy, state Falcón; the latter two species are known only from this locality. E. Ramalina usnea is the only species of this genus reported from the Alto Orinoco, Amazonas, near La Esmeralda, 150 m, growing as corticolous in submontane forests, at the top of the picture the Cerro Duida. F. Xerophytic forests from the National Park Cerro Santa Ana, state Falcón, where Ramalina santanensis and R. microphylla are known only growing on soil and rocks at 200–400 m. Photos V. Marcano.
FIGURES 2–38 in Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov., a new epiphytic freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from the Paraná River floodplain, Brazil, South America
FIGURES 2–38. LM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 2–34. LM. 2–9, 13–34. Valve view. 10–12. Girdle view. 35– 38. SEM–External view. Valve views depicting characteristics of the central narrow sternum, striae, and apical pore fields. Vimines long and narrow becoming shorter toward the sternum. Striae running uninterrupted from valve face to mantle, with areolae slit-like. 36–37. Apical pore fields. Broken spines suggesting initially hollow then becoming a solid structure. LM scale bar 10 μm, in SEM the scale bars are identified in the images. Figure 21* indicates the holotype specimen.
FIGURES 39–44 in Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov., a new epiphytic freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from the Paraná River floodplain, Brazil, South America
FIGURES 39–44. SEM. Staurosirella paranaensis sp. nov. from type material. 39–41. Girdle view of a complete frustule showing wider valvocopulae still attached to both valves. 42. Union of two valves by spines and formation of colonies. 43. Spines detail showing solid spines and an apically elongated structure with a lamina that becomes spatulate with two prominences in shape at the top. 44. View of the spine's junction of copula, spines terminating near or over the neighboring valve areolae. Scale bars are identified in the SEM images.
The evolution and biogeographic history of epiphytic thalloid liverworts
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Among liverworts, the epiphytic lifestyle is not only present in leafy forms but also in thalloid liverworts, which so far has received little attention in evolutionary and biogeographical studies. <i>Metzgeria</i>, with about 107 species worldwide, is the only genus of thalloid liverworts that comprises true epiphytes. In the present study, we provide the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny, including estimated divergence times and ancestral ranges of this genus. Analyses are based on a plastid marker dataset representing about half of the <i>Metzgeria </i>species diversity. We could show for the first time with molecular data that <i>Austrometzgeria</i> is indeed a member of <i>Metzgeria</i> and that the morpho-species <i>M. furcata</i> and <i>M. leptoneura</i> are not monophyletic, but rather represent geographically well-defined clades. Our analyses indicated that <i>Metzgeria</i> started to diversify in the Cretaceous in an area encompassing today's South America and Australasia. Thus, <i>Metzgeria</i> is one of the few known epiphytic liverwort genera whose biogeographic history was directly shaped by Gondwana vicariance. Subsequent dispersal events in the Cenozoic resulted in the colonization of Asia, Africa, North America, and Europe and led to today's worldwide distribution of its species. We also provide the first reliable stem age estimate for <i>Metzgeria</i> due to the inclusion of its sister taxon <i>Vandiemenia</i> in our dating analyses. Additionally, this stem age estimate of about 240 million years most likely marks the starting point of a transition from a terrestrial to an epiphytic lifestyle in thalloid liverworts of the Metzgeriales. We assume that the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution played a key role in the evolution of epiphytic thalloid liverworts similar to that known for leafy liverworts. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Putting vascular epiphytes on the traits map
<p>Epiphyte trait data for the paper Hietz et al. 2021 Putting vascular epiphytes on the traits map. Journal of Ecology</p> <p>Plant functional traits impact the fitness and environmental niche of plants. Major plant functional types have been characterized by their trait spectrum, and the environmental and phylogenetic imprints on traits have advanced several ecological fields. Yet very few trait data on epiphytes, which represent almost 10% of vascular plants, are available.</p> <p>We collated >80,000 mostly unpublished trait observations for 2,882 species of vascular epiphytes that were compared with non-epiphytic herbs and trees (mainly using data from www.try-db.org, which are not included in the Dryad dataset) to test hypotheses related to how the epiphytic habit affects traits, and if epiphytes occupy a distinct region in the global trait space. We also compared variation in traits among major groups of epiphytes, and investigated the coordination of traits in epiphytes, ground-rooted herbs and trees. Data include information on trait type, unit of measurement, species, individuals, location and data contributor.</p> <p>Epiphytes differ from ground-rooted plants mainly in traits related to water relations. Unexpectedly, we did not find lower leaf nutrient concentrations, except for nitrogen. Mean photosynthetic rates are much lower than in ground-rooted plants and lower than expected from the nitrogen concentrations. Trait syndromes clearly distinguish epiphytes from trees and from most non-epiphytic herbs.</p> <p>Among the three largest epiphytic taxa, orchids differ from bromeliads and ferns mainly by having smaller and more numerous stomata, while ferns differ from bromeliads by having thinner leaves, higher nutrient concentrations, and lower water content and water use efficiency.</p> <p>Trait networks differ among epiphytes, herbs and trees. While all have central nodes represented by specific leaf area and mass-based photosynthesis, in epiphytes, traits related to plant water relations have stronger connections, and nutrients other than potassium have weaker connections to the remainder of the trait network. Whereas stem specific density reflects mechanical support related to plant size in herbs and trees, in epiphytes it mostly reflects water storage and scales with leaf water content.</p> <p>Our findings advance our understanding of epiphyte ecology, but we note that currently mainly leaf traits are available. Important gaps are root, shoot and whole plant, demographic and gas exchange traits. We suggest how future research might use available data and fill data gaps.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Gastrochilus pseudocalceolaris, a new species of epiphytic orchid from India
FIGURE 3. Labellum of – A, B. Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) D. Don; C. G. acaulis (Lindl.) Kuntze; D, E. G. pseudocalceolaris S. Dey, L. Phom, Av. Bhattacharjee, Moaakum & K. Eshuo.
FIGURE 2. Gastrochilus pseudocalceolaris S. Dey, L in Gastrochilus pseudocalceolaris, a new species of epiphytic orchid from India
FIGURE 2. Gastrochilus pseudocalceolaris S. Dey, L. Phom, Av. Bhattacharjee, Moaakum & K. Eshuo. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Portion of inflorescence; D. Dorsal sepal; E. Petal; F. Lateral sepal; G. Labellum, column and pedicel plus ovary; H. Labellum with portion of column and pollinarium; I. Flower; J. Labellum, column and pedicel plus ovary; K. Labellum; L. Pollinarium; M. Dehisced capsule showing seeds. [From S. Dey 1342 (Holotype and isotype); I–M: From preserved flowers taken from S. Dey 1342 before mounting]
FIGURE 1. Gastrochilus pseudocalceolaris S. Dey, L in Gastrochilus pseudocalceolaris, a new species of epiphytic orchid from India
FIGURE 1. Gastrochilus pseudocalceolaris S. Dey, L. Phom, Av. Bhattacharjee, Moaakum & K. Eshuo. A–B. Photograph of plant in natural habitat; C. Habit.
Coenogonium nimisii – a new isidiate epiphytic lichen similar to Porina rosei
<p>Final concatenated (ITS+mtSSU) mycobiont and rbcL photobiont alignments used in analyses of the paper.</p>
FIGURE 2. Kalanchoe uniflora. A. Growing epiphytically with the thin stems typically descending. B in A reassessment of combinations previously proposed or published for Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), and its valid publication at the rank of subgenus
FIGURE 2. Kalanchoe uniflora. A. Growing epiphytically with the thin stems typically descending. B. Flowers and leafy stems in lateral view. Both photographs by Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURES 62, 63. Dillenia alata. 62. Trunk with epiphytic ferns. 63 in Revision of the genus Pollanisus Walker, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae)
FIGURES 62, 63. Dillenia alata. 62. Trunk with epiphytic ferns. 63. Leaves at the bottom of the trunk with a lot of feeding marks.
FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetics of two rhizomatous epiphytic species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae; Cymbidieae): evidence from analyses of nuclear and plastid DNA
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree for Cymbidium based on combined nuclear and plastid DNA regions. The previously recognised sections from Liu et al. (2006) are highlighted by the colour of branches. Numbers near the nodes are bootstrap percentages and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BS ML, BS MP, PP). A dash (–) indicates that the node is inconsistent between the topology of the MP/ML trees and the Bayesian tree. "*" indicates that the node has 100 bootstrap percentage or 1.00 posterior probability.
FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetics of two rhizomatous epiphytic species of Cymbidium (Orchidaceae; Cymbidieae): evidence from analyses of nuclear and plastid DNA
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic comparison between the ML/MP/BI trees of Cymbidium based on nuclear ribosomal ITS (left) and plastid DNA (right). Numbers near the nodes are bootstrap percentages and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BS, BS, PP). A dash (–) indicates that ML MP the node is inconsistent between the topology of the MP/ML trees and the Bayesian tree. "*" indicates that the node has 100 bootstrap percentage or 1.00 posterior probability.
Data from: Drought, post-dispersal seed predation and the establishment of epiphytic bromeliads (Tillandsia spp.)
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Data from: Negative shoot phototropism in a climber and an epiphyte
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