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FIGURE 8. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 8. a. Lukeniana jankiellandi, holotype, male, Tanzania, Katavi Region, Luega village; b. L. bergsteni, paratype, male, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Region, Mount Kilimanjaro, Kibonoto; c. L. bergsteni, paratype, male, Tanzania, Arusha Region, Usa River; d. L. bergsteni, paratype, female, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Region, Mount Kilimanjaro, Kibonoto; e. L. carolae, holotype, male, Malawi, Central Region, Mount Ntchisi, Ntchisi Forest Reserve; f. L. stevecollinsi, holotype, male, Malawi, Northern Region, Nyika Plateau, Nyika National Park, near Thazima Gate.

FIGURE 7. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 7. a. Lukeniana georgeadamsoni, holotype, male, Kenya, Eastern Province, Game Ranch of Dr. David Hopcraft, 1.5 km west from the Lukenia Hills; b. L. mikerobertsi, holotype, male, Kenya, County Laikipia, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch and Wildlife Conservancy, "Kambi ya Simba"; c. L. mikerobertsi, paratype, male, Kenya, County Laikipia, Mpala Research Centre, Site 1; d. L. mikerobertsi, paratype, female,

FIGURE 18. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 18. a. shows two fronto-clypeal projections (red arrows) of Lukeniana bergsteni, female, paratype. The projections are close together, that means the distance between the projections is ca. 1.0–1.5× of the width of the pit behind the labial palpus, and they are more pronounced in females than in males of Lukeniana and Zambezia. The two projections are more widely separated in species of Mountelgonia Lehmann, 2013, that means the distance between the projections is ca. 2.5–3.5× of the width of the pit behind the labial palpus. b. shows an enlargement of one fronto-clypeal projection. c. shows four branches of the female antenna. The pictures were taken with a Scanning Electron Microscope at ZFMK by Karin Ulmen in March 2012.

FIGURE 5. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 5. a. Lukeniana chapmani, holotype, male, Malawi, Southern Region, Mount Mulanje, Likabula; b. L. michaelgrzimeki, holotype, male, Tanzania, Arusha Region, Mount Meru, Momella; c. L. michaelgrzimeki, paratype, female, Tanzania, Arusha Region, Mount Meru, Momella; d. L. timdavenporti, holotype, male, Kenya, Rift Valley Province, Mount Elgon National Park, Chepnyalil Cave; e. L. mzuzuensis, holotype, male, Malawi, Northern Region, Mzuzu, Nkhorongo; f. L. mzuzuensis, paratype, female, Malawi, Northern Region, Mzuzu, Nkhorongo.

FIGURE 6. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 6. a. Lukeniana kammeri, holotype, male, Kenya, County Kiambu, Thika; b. L. mbalaensis, paratype, female, Zambia, Northern Province, Mbala; c. L. mbalaensis, holotype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mbala; d. L. hausmanni, paratype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, 23 km southeast Mbala; e. L. lenzi, paratype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mutinondo Wilderness Area; f. L. robplowesi, holotype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mbala; g. L. utaheidenreichae, holotype, male, Mozambique, Manica Province, Barr De Chikamba Real; h. L. stueningi, holotype, male, Zambia, Muchinga Province, Nyika National Park, Manyenjere Forest.

FIGURE 4. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 4. a. Lukeniana lutztoepferi, holotype, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Ololua Forest; b. L. lutztoepferi, paratype, female, Kenya, County Nairobi, Ngong; c. L. madrandelei, paratype, male, DRC, Katanga Province, Lubumbashi; d. L. madrandelei, paratype, female, DRC, Katanga Province, Lubumbashi; e. L. friederikebauerae, paratype, male, Zambia, Lusaka Province, Lusaka; f. L. friederikebauerae, paratype, female, Zambia, Lusaka Province, Lusaka.

FIGURE 3. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 3. a. Lukeniana enaiposha, holotype, male, Kenya, Rift Valley Province, near Lake Naivasha; b. L. obliqualinea, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Nairobi; c. L. obliqualinea, female, Kenya, County Nairobi, Loresho Ridge; d. L. raymondrevellii, holotype, male, Namibia, Otjozondjupa Region, Ozombanda; e. L. rajaeii, paratype, male, Ethiopia, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples'Region, Gidole; f. L. tubiraensis, holotype, male, Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Tubira Forest.

FIGURE 2. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 2. a. Lukeniana butleri, paratype, male, Zimbabwe, Harare Province, Harare, "Fawlty Towers"; b. L. butleri, paratype, female, Zimbabwe, Harare Province, Harare, "Fawlty Towers"; c. L. kollhorsti, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Busi Farm; d. Zambezia diredaouaensis, holotype, male, Ethiopia, Harar Plateau, Dire Daua, today: chartered city of Dire Dawa; e. Z. madambae, holotype, male, Botswana, Chobe District Council, Kasane, Chobe River, Chobe Rapids; f. Z. madambae, paratype, female, Botswana, Chobe District Council, Kasane, Chobe River, Chobe Rapids.

FIGURE 21. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 21. a. Wetter type of miombo with open canopies and consequently with a high grass cover. The picture shows colourful woodland viewed from a small grassy plateau down into in the Mutinondo Wilderness Area (Zambia). The wet miombo is dominated by Brachystegia longifolia Benth., B. spiciformis and Julbernardia paniculata (Caesalpiniaceae). The picture was taken in October 2010 by Jürgen Lenz. b. One of the granite inselbergs (the hill in the centre) with distinctive scrub woodland in the Mutinondo Wilderness Area that is still on but close to the northeastern edge of the Southern African Plateau. Inselbergs sensu Bornhardt (1900) are rock outcrop formations occurring in a broad range of size, e.g. as single hills or as inselberg plateaus and in a varying degree of isolation. Hence, inselbergs are often least-disturbed ecosystems. The inselberg in the picture is partly covered by scrub woodland comprising, e.g. Vitex madiens Oliv. (Verbenaceae) and Ozoroa insignis Delile (Anacardiaceae) between the granite blocks and is surrounded by wet miombo. The picture was taken in October 2010 by Jürgen Lenz. c. The artificial lake of Chikamba Real (Mozambique) viewed from the Bvumba Mountains (Zimbabwe) in the West. The landscape that represents the habitat of Lukeniana utaheidenreichae is diverse and comprises Deciduous Miombo Savanna Woodland sensu Wild & Barbosa (1968) characterised by Caesalpiniaceae, e.g., Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii Taub. and Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin (Jonathan Timberlake, Friston, East Dean, U.K., pers. com. to I.L. in 2015). The picture was taken in April 2006 by Jürgen Lenz (Harare, Zimbabwe). d. Habitat of Mountelgonia arcifera (Hampson, 1909) and Lukeniana georgeadamsoni on the game ranch of Dr. David Hopcraft in Somalia-Masai edaphic grassland sensu White (1983). A young tree (left) of Acacia xanthophloea Benth. is in the foreground. To the right and in the background occur small trees of Balanites glabra Mildbr. (Balanitaceae) in Themeda triandra Forssk. (Poaceae) grassland. The small light green woody plant below the Acacia is Hibiscus flavifolius Ulbr. (Malvaceae). The picture was taken by Ingo Lehmann in March 1999. e. Habitat of Lukeniana mikerobertsi: 270–286 years old trees of Juniperus procera Hochst. (Cupressaceae) that form a Single-dominant Afromontane forest sensu White (1983) on Site 1 of Kambi ya Simba at 2.165 m (Lolldaiga Hills Ranch and Wildlife Conservancy). The smaller tree in the foreground (right) is Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae). Picture by Ingo Lehmann, March 2016.

FIGURE 1. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 1. a. Zambezia jennyhuntae, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Mutare (formerly Umtali); b. Z. durrellbarnesi, holotype, female, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Bvumba Mountains; c. Z. darrelplowesi, holotype, female, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Mutare (formerly Umtali), Hospital (today Kopje House); d. Metarbelodes umtaliana, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Old Umtali or Umtali (today Mutare).

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FIG. 1 in Climate-Mediated Competition in a High-Elevation Salamander Community

FIG. 1. (a) Cross-section diagram of the experimental mesocosm with numerical labels indicating surface and underground layers: (1) misting nozzle, (2) surface atmosphere, (3) soil layer, (4) first interstitial space, (5) burrow, (6) second interstitial space, and (0) bulkhead. Arrows indicate directional water flow. (b) Lateral view of a constructed mesocosm (without lid and heat cables). Subsurface spaces and burrows are visible below the soil/litter layer with cover objects.

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FIG. 2 in Climate-Mediated Competition in a High-Elevation Salamander Community

FIG. 2. Mean ± SE change in mass for P. cinereus (PCIN; triangles) and P. shenandoah (PSHE; squares) under cool (blue lines) and warm (red lines) treatments in interspecific and intraspecific pairings.

FIGURE 6 in Climatic conditions may structure the distribution of Syzygiella rubricaulis (Nees) Steph., a disjunct and high elevation species

FIGURE 6. Box plots comparing the three classes of clusters 1 (G1), 2 (G2), and 3 (G3) referring to the three most important environmental variables: minimum temperature of coldest month (bio 6), annual precipitation (bio 12), precipitation of wettest month (bio 13), and water vapor pressure.

FIGURE 5 in Climatic conditions may structure the distribution of Syzygiella rubricaulis (Nees) Steph., a disjunct and high elevation species

FIGURE 5. Principal component analysis based on 21 Worldclim dataset environmental variables extracted from the 164 spatially unique records. The environmental variables included: temperature variables: annual mean temperature (bio 1), mean diurnal temperature range (bio 2), isothermality (bio 3), temperature seasonality (bio 4), maximum temperature of warmest month (bio 5), minimum temperature of coldest month (bio 6), temperature annual range (bio 7), mean temperature of wettest quarter (bio 8), mean temperature of driest quarter (bio 9), mean temperature of warmest quarter (bio 10), mean temperature of coldest quarter (bio 11); and precipitation variables: annual precipitation (bio 12), precipitation of wettest month (bio 13), precipitation of driest month (bio 14), precipitation seasonality (bio 15), precipitation of wettest quarter (bio 16), precipitation of driest quarter (bio 17), precipitation of warmest quarter (bio 18), precipitation of coldest quarter (bio 19); as well as water vapor pressure (water_vapo), and solar radiation (solar_radi).

FIGURE 4 in Climatic conditions may structure the distribution of Syzygiella rubricaulis (Nees) Steph., a disjunct and high elevation species

FIGURE 4. Distribution of 164 spatial unique records classified into three cluster groups according to their environmental similarity: Green clade (circles), Black clade (triangles), and Red clade (diamons). The green area presents aggregated Neotropical ecoregions (Atlantic Forests; Central Andean Yungas; Choco-Darien Moist Forests; Greater Antillean Pine Forests; Guyana Highlands Moist Forests; Northern Andean Montane Forests; Northern Andean Páramo; Southwestern Amazonian Moist Forests; Talamancan-Isthmian Pacific Forests) mapped by WWF (terrestrial-ecoregions-of-the-world).

FIGURE 1 in Climatic conditions may structure the distribution of Syzygiella rubricaulis (Nees) Steph., a disjunct and high elevation species

FIGURE 1. Populations of Syzygiella rubricaulis in Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador (A) and Páramo San José, Venezuela (B); method of collection (C); habit (D); male and female shoots (E). [Photos: A-D from D.P. Costa; E from A. Maciel-Silva].

FIGURE 4 in A new high elevation species of Oreophryne Boettger (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia

FIGURE 4. Oreophryne riyantoi sp. nov., holotype, MZB. Amph. 17494. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) lateral and dorsal view of head, (D) ventral view of right foot and right hand. Scale = 5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new high elevation species of Oreophryne Boettger (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia

FIGURE 3. Live specimen of Oreophryne riyantoi sp. nov. (A–B) holotype, MZB. Amph 17494. (C–D) Paratype MZB Amph. 17493. Photographed at 2528 m asl near the summit of Mount Mekongga by W.T.L.

FIGURE 1 in A new high elevation species of Oreophryne Boettger (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia

FIGURE 1. Map showing the known locality of Oreophryne riyantoi sp. nov. and the type localities of all other congeners in Sulawesi (from Müller 1894; Boulenger 1896; Ahl 1933).

FIGURE 2 in A new high elevation species of Oreophryne Boettger (Anura: Microhylidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree inferred from ML (left) and BI tree (right) from 337 bp of 16S ribosomal RNA mitochondrial gene sequences. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap value for ML and Bayesian Inference posterior probability.