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FIGURES 65−68. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 65−68. H. amicorum sp. nov. Fig. 65. Holotype, LM. Bar = 10 μm. Fig. 66. Isotype, SEM, general view. Bar = 5 μm. Fig. 67. Isotype, SEM, exterior view, centre. Note interrupted longitudinal fissures in median portion of valve, continuous fissures towards margin. Bar = 1 μm. Fig. 68. Isotype, exterior view, apex. Arrow marks apical pore. Bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 58–64. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 58–64. H. avium sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Fig. 58. General aspect, exterior, bar = 10 μm. Fig. 59. General aspect, interior, bar = 10 μm. Fig. 60. Apex, exterior, bar = 1 μm. Fig. 61. Apex, interior, bar = 1 μm. Figs 62, 63. Centre, exterior showing central raphe endings, bar = 1 μm. Fig. 64. Centre, interior, showing sideways tilted raphe node, bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 33–38. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 33–38. H.tsukamotoi sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Fig. 33. Large specimen, general aspect, interior view, bar = 5 μm. Fig. 34. Average specimen, general aspect, exterior view, bar = 10 μm. Fig. 35. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Inset (2x enlargement): note sideways tilted central raphe node. Fig. 36. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Inset (2x enlargement): detail of crook-shaped raphe endings. Fig. 37. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical pore (arrow). Fig. 38. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical pore (arrow).

FIGURES 39–46. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 39–46. H. meteorou sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Fig. 39. General aspect, exterior, bar = 5 μm. Fig. 40. General aspect, interior, bar = 5 μm. Fig. 41. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical pores (arrow). Valve morphogenesis not yet complete, fissures to be filled in. Fig. 42. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical pores (arrow). Fig. 43. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 44. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 45. Detail of Fig. 43, 2x enlargement. Note sideways tilted central raphe node. Fig. 46. Detail of Fig. 44, 2x enlargement. Note crook-shaped raphe endings.

FIGURES 27–32. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 27–32. H. feriarum sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Figs 27, 28. General aspect, average and broad specimen. Bars = 10 μm. Fig. 29. Apex, interior, note apical micropores, bar = 2 μm. Inset (2x enlargement): saepes, arrows mark perforations. Fig. 30. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 31. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 32. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm.

FIGURES 10–20 in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 10–20. New Haslea species, LM images (DIC). All bars = 10 μm. All except Fig. 11 are stacks of 12–22 separate images. FIGURES 10, 11. H. staurosigmoidea sp. nov. Fig. 10. Holotype, Fig. 11. Isotype, aspect in normal DIC corresponding to what is seen on visual inspection.

FIGURES 21–26. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 21–26. H. staurosigmoidea sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Fig. 21. General aspect, bar = 5 μm. Fig. 22. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 23. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Arrow marks apical pore. Fig. 24. Centre, interior showing pseudostauros, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 25. Centre, exterior, raphe endings deflected to the same side, bar = 1 μm. Fig. 26. Centre, exterior, raphe endings oppositely deflected, bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 1–9 in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 1–9. Haslea nipkowii (Meister) Poulin & Massé. Fig. 1–3. General aspect, bars = 20 μm. Fig. 4. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Note bifurcated raphe ending. Fig. 5. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical microforamina. Fig. 6. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Conspicuous raphe ridge, sharply delineated central bar. Fig. 7. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Overlapping oppositely deflected raphe endings. Fig. 8. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Conspicuous raphe ridge, different in shape from that of Fig. 6. Fig. 9. Broken valve, bar = 0.5 μm. Basal layer (uppermost) and tegumental layer (lower) joined by upright saepes with small perforations (arrow).

FIGURES 69–81 in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 69–81. Some central raphe fissure ending shapes in Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma species. No scale bars added, as not relevant in this context. Fig. 69. Gyrosigma attenuatum (Kützing) Cleve. Fig. 70. G. peisonis (Grunow) Hustedt. Fig. 71. G. littorale (W. Smith) Griffith et Henfrey. Fig.72. G. tenuissimum (W.Smith) Griffith & Henfrey. Fig.73. G. obtusatum (Sullivant et Wormley) Boyer. Fig. 74. Pleurosigma aff. normanii Ralfs in Pritchard. Fig. 75. P. elongatum W. Smith. Fig. 76. P. frenguellianum Sunesen, Sterrenburg & Sar. Fig. 77. P. perlucidum Sar, Sterrenburg & Sunesen. Fig. 78. P. patagonicum (Ferrario & Sar) Sterrenburg & Sar. Fig. 79. P. indicum Simonsen. Figs 80, 81. Different shapes seen in a single slide of P. aff. normanii Ralfs in Pritchard.

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FIGURE 1. Morphological comparison between Anemopaegma nebulosum and A. prostratum. A in A new species of Anemopaegma (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

FIGURE 1. Morphological comparison between Anemopaegma nebulosum and A. prostratum. A. Orbicular prophylls in A. nebulosum. B. Prophylls lacking in A. prostratum. C. Elliptic and coriaceous leaflets in A. nebulosum. D. Ovate and membranaceous leaflets in A. prostratum. E. Solitary flowers in the axil of each leaf in A. nebulosum. F. Flowers arranged in lax racemes in A. prostratum. G. Gibbous flower in A. nebulosum. H. Infundibuliform flower in A. prostratum. (Figs. A and C from J. Cordeiro & C.B. Poliquesi 909; Fig. B from P.H. Miyagi 253; Figs. D, F and H from SPF-84375; Figs. E and G from J.M. Silva et al. 1527). Scale bars = 0.8 mm (Figs. A and B); 1 cm (Figs. C, D, E, F, G, H).

FIGURES 471–477 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 471–477. SEM micrographs of Achnanthidium lusitanicum Novais & M.Morais, sp. nov. from Boeiro, Sertã Stream (Tejo basin), 09-07-2006 (324/06). 471. Raphe valve in external view. 472. Raphe valve in internal view. 473. Rapheless valve in external view. 474. Rapheless valve in internal view. 475. Detail of the central area of a raphe valve, with the straight, not expanded, proximal raphe pores. 476. Detail of the apex of a raphe valve in external view, with the raphe ending not expanded and slightly deflected. 477. Detail of the apex of a raphe valve in internal view, with the distal raphe ending terminating in a small helictoglossa and the areolae covered by hymenes. Scale bars = 1 μm.

FIGURES 159–162 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 159–162. SEM micrographs of the type material of Achnanthes minutissima var. cryptocephala Grunow in Van Heurck (Van Heurck Types du Synopsis 238). 159. External view of a raphe valve, with the central area as a rectangular fascia. 160. Internal view of a raphe valve, with the central area as a rectangular fascia. 161. External view of a rapheless valve. 162. Internal view of a rapheless valve. Scale bars = 1 μm.

FIGURES 399–402 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 399–402. SEM micrographs of Achnanthidium duriense Novais & Ector, sp. nov. from A-do-Bispo, Torto River, Douro basin, 18-08-2007 (129/07). 399. Raphe valve in girdle view, with the row of slit-like areolae on the mantle clearly visible. 400. Detail of a raphe valve in external view, with the proximal raphe ends drop-shaped and slightly deflected unilaterally. 401. Detail of a raphe valve in external view. 402. Detail of a rapheless valve in external view, with the rounded areolae on the valve and the slit-like areolae on the mantle, including the apex. Scale bars = 1 μm.

FIGURES 259–262 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 259–262. SEM micrographs of Achnanthidium nanum (F.Meister) Novais & Jüttner, comb. nov. from Côja, Alva River (Mondego basin), 11–06–2007 (325/07). 259. Raphe valve in external view. 260. Raphe valve in internal view. 261. Rapheless valve in external view. 262. Rapheless valve in internal view. Scale bars = 1 μm.

FIGURES 386–389 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 386–389. SEM micrographs of Achnanthidium pseudolineare Van de Vijver, Novais & Ector from Covas, Coura River, Minho basin, 21–09–2007 (224/07). 386. Raphe valve in external view. 387. Raphe valve in internal view. 388. Rapheless valve in external view. 389. Rapheless valve in internal view, showing raphe vestiges. Scale bars = 1 μm.

FIGURES 140–144 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 140–144. SEM micrographs of the type material of Achnanthes minutissima Kütz. (isotype material, Kützing's Algarum Aquae Dulcis Germanicarum, Decade VIII, no. 75, Kützing 301). 140. External view of a raphe valve. 141. Internal view tilted of a raphe valve. 142. External view of a rapheless valve. 143. Internal view of a rapheless valve. 144. External view of a rapheless valve in girdle view showing the elongated, almost always slit-like, areolae of the single row along the mantle. Scale bars = 1 μm.

FIGURES 2–139 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 2–139. LM micrographs of the type material. 2–55. Achnanthes minutissima Kütz. (isotype material, Kützing's Algarum Aquae Dulcis Germanicarum, Decade VIII, no. 75, Kützing 301). 56–79. Achnanthidium microcephalum Kütz. (isotype material, Herb. Kützing n° 287). 80–125. Achnanthes minutissima var. cryptocephala Grunow in Van Heurck (Van Heurck Types du Synopsis 238). 126–139. Achnanthes minutissima var. inconspicua Østrup (Østrup collection, 753-2).

FIGURES 467–470 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 467–470. SEM micrographs of Achnanthidium lusitanicum Novais & M.Morais, sp. nov., from Janeiro de Baixo, Zêzere River (Tejo basin), 08-07-2006 (394/06). 467. Raphe valve in external view. 468. Raphe valve in internal view. 469. Rapheless valve in external view. 470. Rapheless valve in internal view. Scale bars = 1 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURE 1. Location of Portuguese Achnanthidium species. White star: A. nanum; white diamond: A. pseudolineare; white square: A. lusitanicum; white circle: A. duriense.

FIGURES 270–379 in Morphological variability within the Achnanthidium minutissimum species complex (Bacillariophyta): comparison between the type material of Achnanthes minutissima and related taxa, and new freshwater Achnanthidium species from Portugal

FIGURES 270–379. LM micrographs of Achnanthidium pseudolineare and A. duriense Novais & Ector, sp. nov. (holotype population). 270–290. Achnanthidium pseudolineare from Portela do Homem, Homem River, Cávado basin, 26-09-2007 (34/07). 291–333. Achnanthidium pseudolineare from Covas, Coura River, Minho basin, 21-09-2007 (224/07). 334–379. Achnanthidium duriense from Ado-Bispo, Torto River, Douro basin, type locality, 18-08-2007 (129/07). 343 is of the holotype. Scale bar = 10 μm.