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508 results for “natural evolution”
Data from: Rapid evolution of antioxidant defense in a natural population of Daphnia magna
Natural populations can cope with rapid changes in stressors by relying on sets of physiological defense mechanisms. Little is known onto what extent these physiological responses reflect plasticity and/or genetic adaptation, evolve in the same direction and result in an increased defense ability. Using resurrection ecology, we studied how a natural Daphnia magna population adjusted its antioxidant defense to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) during a period with increasing incident UVR reaching the water surface. We demonstrate rapid evolution of the induction patterns of key antioxidant enzymes under UVR exposure in the laboratory. Notably, evolutionary changes strongly differed among enzymes and mainly involved the evolution of UV-induced plasticity. While D. magna evolved a strong plastic upregulation of glutathione peroxidase under UVR, it evolved a lower plastic upregulation of glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase, and a plastic downregulation of catalase. The differentially evolved antioxidant strategies were collectively equally effective in dealing with oxidative stress since they resulted in the same high levels of oxidative damage (to lipids, proteins and DNA) and lowered fitness (intrinsic growth rate) under UVR exposure. The lack of better protection against UVR may suggest that the UVR exposure did not increase between both periods. Predator-induced evolution to migrate to lower depths that occurred during the same period may have contributed to the evolved defense strategy. Our results highlight the need for a multiple trait approach when focusing on the evolution of defense mechanisms.
Data from: Impact of uniaxial tensile fatigue on the evolution of microscopic and mesoscopic structure of carbon black filled natural rubber
This investigation addresses the evolution of the microscopic and mesoscopic structures distribution, and micro-defects of carbon black (CB) filled natural rubber (NR) under uniaxial tensile condition during the fatigue process. NR was filled with three different grades CB respectively, in order to understand the impact of the structural degree and specific surface areas of CB and fatigue degree on the Payne effect. It was found that Payne effect was initially suppressed and then enhanced with increasing the degree of fatigue. The decrease of the storage modulus in the low strain area was attributed to the CB network destruction and the breakdown of the matrix cross-linking network in the early fatigue stage. However, with further increasing the degree of fatigue, the spatial rearrangement of CB aggregates with the orientation of molecular chains between adjacent CB aggregates will result in the mechanical reinforcement before the appearance of micro-defects. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the structural degree of CB has a stronger impact on the mesoscopic structures than the specific surface area of CB during tensile fatigue process.
Data from: Evolution of population genetic structure of the British roe deer by natural and anthropogenic processes (Capreolus capreolus)
Human influence typically impacts on natural populations of conservation interest. These interactions are varied and sometimes complex, and may be negative and unintended or associated with conservation and management strategy. Understanding the details of how these interactions influence and are influenced by natural evolutionary processes is essential to the development of effective conservation strategies. In this study we investigate a species in Britain that has experienced both negative impact through over-hunting in historical times and management efforts through culls and translocations. At the same time, there are regional populations that have been less affected by human influence. We use mtDNA and nuclear microsatellite DNA markers to investigate patterns of connectivity and diversity and find multiple insular populations in Britain that likely evolved within the Holocene (when the habitat was free of ice). We identify three concurrent processes. First, surviving indigenous populations show highly provincial patterns of philopatry, maintaining and generating population structure on a small geographic scale. Second, founder populations into habitat extirpated of native populations have expanded but remained largely insular. Third, introductions into established populations generate some admixture. We discuss the implications for the evolution of diversity of the integration of natural processes with anthropogenic influences on population size and distribution.
Data from: Natural and experimental evolution of sexual conflict within Caenorhabditis nematodes
Background: Although males and females need one another in order to reproduce, they often have different reproductive interests, which can lead to conflict between the sexes. The intensity and frequency of male-male competition for fertilization opportunities is thought to be an important contributor to this conflict. The nematode genus Caenorhabditis provides an opportunity to test this hypothesis because the frequency of males varies widely among species with different mating systems. Results: We find evidence that there is strong inter- and intra-sexual conflict within C. remanei, a dioecious species composed of equal frequencies of males and females. In particular, some C. remanei males greatly reduce female lifespan following mating, and their sperm have a strong competitive advantage over the sperm of other males. In contrast, our results suggest that both types of conflict have been greatly reduced within C. elegans, which is an androdioecious species that is composed of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and rare males. Using experimental evolution in mutant C. elegans populations in which sperm production is blocked in hermaphrodites (effectively converting them to females), we find that the consequences of sexual conflict observed within C. remanei evolve rapidly within C. elegans populations experiencing high levels of male-male competition. Conclusions: Together, these complementary data sets support the hypothesis that the intensity of intersexual conflict varies with the intensity of competition among males, and that male-induced collateral damage to mates can evolve very rapidly within populations.
Dataset and Code Accompanying the Study by Medina-Vega et al. in Nature Ecology & Evolution: Tropical Tree Ectomycorrhiza Are Distributed Independently of Soil Nutrients
<p>This Zenodo repository contains the code and the processed dataset used in the research paper titled "Tropical tree ectomycorrhiza are distributed independently of soil nutrients" published in Nature Ecology & Evolution. In this study, we investigate the distribution and abundance of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees in lowland tropical forests and their relationship with soil quality.</p><p><strong>Key Finding</strong>: EcM-associated trees' distribution and abundance in lowland tropical forests are independent of soil quality.</p><p><strong>Contents</strong>:</p><ol><li><strong>Code (</strong>CODE_COARSE_SCALE.R and CODE_FINE_SCALE.R<strong>)</strong>: Contains the R scripts used for data analysis.</li><li><strong>Processed Dataset</strong> (PCs_prop_EcM.csv): Includes the processed data for the fine-scale analysis.</li><li><strong>README</strong>: Provides detailed information on how to use the code, interpret the dataset, and access additional required information.</li></ol><p><strong>Data Access Information</strong>:</p><ul><li>To perform the full analyses, please request additional data from the Principal Investigators (PIs) of the plots.</li><li>ForestGEO plot data can be obtained upon request through the ForestGEO portal at http://ctfs.si.edu/datarequest/.</li><li>Refer to Extended Data Table 1 in the manuscript for a comprehensive list of data sources.</li></ul>
Figs. 37–40 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Korynetinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Part III. The African GeneraEctospinulaOpitz, New Genus, andProsymnusLaporte
Figs. 37–40. Geographic distribution of Ectospinula graduata and Prosymnus species.
Fig. 27 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Korynetinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Part III. The African GeneraEctospinulaOpitz, New Genus, andProsymnusLaporte
Fig. 27. Prosymnus testaceiventris, habitus.
Fig. 123 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Checkered Beetle GenusPujoliclerusPic (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Peloniinae)
Fig. 123. Geographic distribution of six Pujoliclerus species.
Fig. 127 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Checkered Beetle GenusPujoliclerusPic (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Peloniinae)
Fig. 127. Geographic distribution of four Pujoliclerus species.
Fig. 122 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Checkered Beetle GenusPujoliclerusPic (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Peloniinae)
Fig. 122. Proposed phylogeny of Pujoliclerus species-groups.
Fig. 125 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Checkered Beetle GenusPujoliclerusPic (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Peloniinae)
Fig. 125. Geographic distribution of six Pujoliclerus species.
Fig. 124 in Classification, Natural History, and Evolution of the Checkered Beetle GenusPujoliclerusPic (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Peloniinae)
Fig. 124. Geographic distribution of seven Pujoliclerus species.
Supplementary material 1 from: Munakata M, Tanaka H, Kakui K (2022) Taxonomy and natural history of Cavernocypris hokkaiensis sp. nov., the first ostracod reported from alpine streams in Japan. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 117-127. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.80442
Table S1
Supplementary material 3 from: Munakata M, Tanaka H, Kakui K (2022) Taxonomy and natural history of Cavernocypris hokkaiensis sp. nov., the first ostracod reported from alpine streams in Japan. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 117-127. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.80442
Alignment S2
Supplementary material 4 from: Munakata M, Tanaka H, Kakui K (2022) Taxonomy and natural history of Cavernocypris hokkaiensis sp. nov., the first ostracod reported from alpine streams in Japan. Zoosystematics and Evolution 98(1): 117-127. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.80442
File S1
Figures 88-92 from: Oliver PG, Morgenroth H, Salvador A (2017) Type specimens of Mollusca described by Col. George Montagu in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter and The Natural History Museum, London. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 363-412. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13073
Figures 88-92 - 88. Trochus tumidus Montagu, 1803 [Gibbula tumida (Montagu, 1803)] 88.1 "Rowley" box with 9sh. in 2 lots EXEMS Moll4175-6. 88.2 Abapertural, basal and apertural views of syntype EXEMS Moll4175a. 88.3 Apertural and abapertural views of syntype EXEMS Moll4176a. 89. Murex turricula Montagu, 1803 [Propebela turricula (Montagu, 1803)] 89.1 "Rowley" box containing a Montagu card with 3 sh. and 3sh. loose. 89.2 Montagu hexagonal blue card with 3 syntypes and original label. 89.3 Apertural and abapertural views of syntype EXEMS Moll4250a. 90. Trochus umbilicatus Montagu, 1803 [Gibbula umbilicalis (da Costa, 1778)] 90.1 "Rowley" box label for lot 4178. 90.2 Syntype series of 12 sh. EXEMS Moll4178. 90.3 Apical, lateral and basal views of largest syntype EXEMS Moll4178a. 91. Turbo unicus Montagu, 1803 [Graphis albida (Kanmacher, 1798)] 91.1 Montagu hexagonal black card with 2sh. and 1 empty scar. 91.2 Apertural and abapertural (SEM) views of syntype EXEMS Moll4232a. 92. Turbo unidentatus Montagu, 1803 [Odostomia unidentata (Montagu, 1803)] 92.1 Montagu hexagonal blue card with 1sh. and 1 empty scar. 92.2 Abapertural and apertural views of unique syntype EXEMS Moll4238.
Figures 78-82 from: Oliver PG, Morgenroth H, Salvador A (2017) Type specimens of Mollusca described by Col. George Montagu in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter and The Natural History Museum, London. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 363-412. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13073
Figures 78-82 - 78. Mya suborbicularis Montagu, 1803 [Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu, 1803)] 78.1 "Rowley" box containing 11sh., all syntypes EXEMS Moll3908-17. 78.2 Exterior and interior of right valve and interior of left valve of syntype EXEMS Moll3908. 79. Turbo tenebrosus Montagu, 1803 [Littorina saxatilis (Poli, 1792)] 79.1 Old NHMUK labels indicating provenance of Montagu Coll. 79.2 Apertural and abapertural views of lectotype NHMUK 1989177/1. 79.3 Old label and register entry for lots EXEMS Moll4198 and 4200. 79.4 Apertural views of paralectotypes EXEMS Moll4198/1 and EXEMS Moll4200/1. 80. Mactra tenuis Montagu, 1803 [Abra tenuis (Montagu, 1803)] 80.1 "Rowley" box containing a Montagu card. 80.2 Interior of left (broken) and right valves. 80.3 Exterior of left valve (broken). 81. Buccinum terrestre Montagu, 1803 [Ceciliodes acicula (Müller, 1774)] 81.1 Montagu hexagonal blue card with 2sh. and 2 fragments, syntypes EXEMS Moll4151. 81.2 Abapertural and apertural views of syntype EXEMS Moll4151a. 81.3 SEM of apertural view of syntype EXEMS Moll4151a. 82. Turbo tessellatus Montagu, MSS [Littorina sp.] 82.1 Old NHMUK mounting block with 1sh. attached. 82.2 Abapertural and apertural views of unique shell NHMUK 1998033.
Figures 9-13 from: Oliver PG, Morgenroth H, Salvador A (2017) Type specimens of Mollusca described by Col. George Montagu in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter and The Natural History Museum, London. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 363-412. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13073
Figures 9-13 - 9. Voluta bullaoides Montagu, 1808 [Melampus bullaoides (Montagu, 1808)] 9.1 Apertural view of specimen 1, NHMUK 20170129/1. 9.2 Abapertural view of specimen 2, NHMUK 20170129/2. 9.3 Old NHMUK label indicating provenance from the Laskey Coll. and by inference leg. Portland Coll., sale lot 2487. 10. Turbo canalis Montagu, 1803 [Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803)] 10.1 Montagu blue hexagonal card with 2sh. and 2 empty scars, EXEMS Moll4191. 10.2 Apertural and abapertural views of the larger syntype, EXEMS Moll4191a. 10.3 Apertural and abapertural views of the smaller syntype, EXEMS Moll4191b. 11. Helix cantiana Montagu, 1803 [Monacha cantiana (Montagu, 1803)] 11.1 Apical, lateral and basal views of syntype EXEMS Moll4140b. 11.2 Lateral view of syntype EXEMS Moll4140a. 11.3 Lateral view of syntype EXEMS Moll4140c. 12. Helix caperata Montagu, 1803 [Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801)] 12.1 Rowley box with 9 sh. all syntypes, EXEMS Moll4145. 12.1 Basal view of banded shell, syntype, EXEMS Moll4145b. 12.3 Lateral, apical and basal views of syntype, EXEMS Moll4145a. 12.4 Lateral views of syntype EXEMS Moll4145c. 13. Donax castaneus Montagu, 1803 [Ervilia castanea (Montagu, 1803)] 13.1 Montagu hexagonal blue card with 2 valves. EXEMS Moll3279. 13.2 Exterior and interior of right valve, Lectotype, EXEMS Moll3729/1. 13.3 Exterior and interior of left valve, Paralectotype, EXEMS Moll3729/2.
Figures 63-67 from: Oliver PG, Morgenroth H, Salvador A (2017) Type specimens of Mollusca described by Col. George Montagu in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter and The Natural History Museum, London. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 363-412. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13073
Figures 63-67 - 63. Tellina radula Montagu, 1803 [Lucinoma borealis (Linnaeus, 1767)] 63.1 Internal and external views of right and left valves of syntype EXEMS Moll3904. 64. Tellina rotundata Montagu, 1803 [Diplodonta rotundata (Montagu, 1803)] 64.1 External and internal view of right valve, syntype EXEMS Moll3905. 64.2 External and internal view of left valve, syntype EXEMS Moll3906. 65. Turbo ruber J. Adams, 1797 sensu Montagu, 1803 [Barleeia unifasciata (Montagu, 1803)] 65.1 Montagu hexagonal black card with label and 3sh., syntypes EXEMS Moll4214a-c. 65.2 Apertural and abapertural views of syntype EXEMS Moll4214a. 66. Cardium rubrum Montagu, 1803 [Lasaea rubra (Montagu, 1803)] 66.1 Montagu hexagonal blue card with 2sh +1v, syntypes EXEMS Moll3918-20. 66.2 Internal view of left valve syntype with brooded juvenile shells retained EXEMS Moll3920. 66.3 External view of left valve syntype EXEMS Moll3920. 67. Murex rufus Montagu, 1803 [Propebela rufus (Montagu, 1803)] 67.1 "Rowley" box label for lot 4252. 67.2 Montagu blue card with 1sh. and 1 empty scar. 67.3 Apertural and abapertural views of unique syntype EXEMS Moll4252.
Figures 58-62 from: Oliver PG, Morgenroth H, Salvador A (2017) Type specimens of Mollusca described by Col. George Montagu in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter and The Natural History Museum, London. Zoosystematics and Evolution 93(2): 363-412. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13073
Figures 58-62 - 58. Murex proximus Montagu, 1808 [Pleurotoma proxima (Montagu, 1808)] 58.1 Old NHMUK block with reverse text of {Mus. Montagu | Murex proximus Mont | 'the specimen in the British Museum marked 'Mus Montagu' however, is a worn P. nebula" Jeffreys Brit.Conch. iv. p.387}. 58.2 Apertural and apertural views of shell attached to block and registered as NHMUK 1998043 is Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803) but is not a syntype of M. proximus or M. nebula. 59. Venus pullastra Montagu, 1803 [Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791)] 59.1 Exterior of right valve of syntype EXEMS Moll3804 with original Montagu label {Pullastra}affixed. 59.2 Interior of right valve and exterior of left valve of syntype EXEMS Moll3804 59.3 Syntype series EXEMS Moll3804-9. 60. Turbo punctura Montagu, 1803 [Alvania punctura (Montagu, 1803)] 60.1 Montagu hexagonal blue card with 3 sh. and empty scars; syntypes EXEMS Moll4222b-d. 60.2 Abapertural and apertural views of syntype EXEMS Moll4222a. 60.3 SEM of apertural view of EXEMS Moll4222a. 61. Murex purpureus Montagu, 1803 [Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803)] 61.1 Old NHMUK labels indicating provenance of Montagu Coll. 61.2 Abapertural and apertural views of lectotype NHMUK 1995089/1. 61.3 Montagu blue hexagonal card with 2 paralectotypes EXEMS Moll4258. 62. Turbo quadrifasciatus Montagu, 1803 [Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803)] 62.1 "Rowley" box containing Montagu card. 62.2 Montagu blue card with label and 5 sh. attached, EXEMS Moll4188a-e. 62.3 Apertural and abapertural views of syntype EXEMS Moll4188a.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.