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FIGURE 6. Boxplot. A in The Kiandra leek orchid is the previously presumed extinct mignonette leek orchid (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae): evidence from morphological comparisons
FIGURE 6. Boxplot. A. Number of flowers. B. Density of flowering heads (flowers per mm) of Prasophyllum morganii and P. retroflexum. Solid black lines indicate median, red square the mean, black dots outliers. The box represents the upper quartile, median and lower quartile respectively, whiskers indicate 1.5 × IQR (Interquartile range).
FIGURE 1 in The Kiandra leek orchid is the previously presumed extinct mignonette leek orchid (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae): evidence from morphological comparisons
FIGURE 1. Variation in colour, number of flowers, and density of Prasophyllum retroflexum inflorescences, compared with an illustration of P. morganii. No photos of P. morganii are known to exist. A. P. morganii illustration from Nicholls (1969). B. P. retroflexum at Sawyers Hill, New South Wales (NSW). C. P. retroflexum at Nunniong Plain in Victoria. D. Dense-flowered inflorescence from Victoria. E–F. Close-up of inflorescences from NSW populations. G–H. Close-up of inflorescences from Victorian populations. Black scale bars = 2 mm and white scale bars = 20 mm. Photos by L. and M.J. Carrigan (d, h) and T. Hayashi.
FIGURE 2. A in The Kiandra leek orchid is the previously presumed extinct mignonette leek orchid (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae): evidence from morphological comparisons
FIGURE 2. A. Prasophyllum morganii isolectotype (AD E97708768). B. Prasophyllum morganii lectotype (MEL 54689). C. Prasophyllum retroflexum holotype and isotypes (CBG8914103.1).
FIGURE 3 in The Kiandra leek orchid is the previously presumed extinct mignonette leek orchid (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae): evidence from morphological comparisons
FIGURE 3. Populations of Prasophyllum retroflexum and P. morganii. Black triangle = location of extinct population of P. morganii and specimens examined, circle = known populations of P. retroflexum, and filled circles = populations with specimens examined in this study.
FIGURE. Flower characteristics comparison of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. papilio-laoticus (photo. by W. Tongkham) and C. P. Little Trouble (P. charlesworthii x P. barbigerum) (photo. by R. Hella) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Flower characteristics comparison of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. papilio-laoticus (photo. by W. Tongkham) and C. P. Little Trouble (P. charlesworthii x P. barbigerum) (photo. by R. Hella)
FIGURE. Some flower variation of Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, whole plant and flower. (photo. by W. Tongkham) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Some flower variation of Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, whole plant and flower. (photo. by W. Tongkham)
FIGURE. Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, whole plant and flower. A. Flowering plant, B. Flower front view, C. Flower side view and D. Flower back view (photo. by W. Tongkham) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, whole plant and flower. A. Flowering plant, B. Flower front view, C. Flower side view and D. Flower back view (photo. by W. Tongkham)
FIGURE. Dendrogram of P. charlesworthii var. lannaense and 10 other Paphiopedilum species in section Paphiopedilum by 7 AFLP primer combinations, 1= first main group, 2= second main group, 2.1= subgroup 2.1 and 2.2 = subgroup 2.2. in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Dendrogram of P. charlesworthii var. lannaense and 10 other Paphiopedilum species in section Paphiopedilum by 7 AFLP primer combinations, 1= first main group, 2= second main group, 2.1= subgroup 2.1 and 2.2 = subgroup 2.2.
FIGURE. Flower and leaf characteristics comparison of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. charlesworthii, C. P. vejvarutianum and D. P. barbigerum var. coccineum (photo. by W. Tongkham) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Flower and leaf characteristics comparison of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. charlesworthii, C. P. vejvarutianum and D. P. barbigerum var. coccineum (photo. by W. Tongkham)
FIGURE. Dendrogram of P. charlesworthii var. lannaense and 49 other Paphiopedilum species by 6 AFLP primer combinations, 1= Brachypetalum, 2= Cochlopetalum, 3= Parvisepalum, 4= Polyantha, 5= Sigmatopetalum, 6= Paphiopedilum, 7= Laosianum, and 8= Megastaminodium. in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Dendrogram of P. charlesworthii var. lannaense and 49 other Paphiopedilum species by 6 AFLP primer combinations, 1= Brachypetalum, 2= Cochlopetalum, 3= Parvisepalum, 4= Polyantha, 5= Sigmatopetalum, 6= Paphiopedilum, 7= Laosianum, and 8= Megastaminodium.
FIGURE. Flower and leaf characteristics of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. charlesworthii, C. P. barbigerum var. coccineum and D. P. barbigerum var. sulivongii (photo. by W. Tongkham) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Flower and leaf characteristics of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. charlesworthii, C. P. barbigerum var. coccineum and D. P. barbigerum var. sulivongii (photo. by W. Tongkham)
FIGURE. In situ photos of Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense. A. limestone mountain at 1,100–1,200 m elevation, B. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense living on vertical cliffs of limestone, C. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense plant, D. flowering plant with flower bud, E., F. flowering plant (flower color was faded because these photos were taken toward the end of flowering period) (photo. By S. Somboonphon) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. In situ photos of Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense. A. limestone mountain at 1,100–1,200 m elevation, B. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense living on vertical cliffs of limestone, C. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense plant, D. flowering plant with flower bud, E., F. flowering plant (flower color was faded because these photos were taken toward the end of flowering period) (photo. By S. Somboonphon)
FIGURE. Illustration of Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense W. Tongkham, S. Pumikong, N. Potapohn & W. Bundithya A. flower, B. dorsal sepal, C. synsepal, D. petal, E. labellum frontal view, F. labellum side view, G. labellum longitudinal section, H. pedicel, I. pedicel longitudinal section and transverse section, J. stigma and pollen, K. staminode, L. column side view, M. leaf, N. peduncle, bract and pedicel, and O. flowering plant. Drawn by W. Tongkham from S. Pumikong 021001 (holotype QBG! [no. 132572]). in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Illustration of Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense W. Tongkham, S. Pumikong, N. Potapohn & W. Bundithya A. flower, B. dorsal sepal, C. synsepal, D. petal, E. labellum frontal view, F. labellum side view, G. labellum longitudinal section, H. pedicel, I. pedicel longitudinal section and transverse section, J. stigma and pollen, K. staminode, L. column side view, M. leaf, N. peduncle, bract and pedicel, and O. flowering plant. Drawn by W. Tongkham from S. Pumikong 021001 (holotype QBG! [no. 132572]).
FIGURE. Distribution map of P. charlesworthii var. lannaense (star), P. charlesworthii (square), P. barbigerum var. coccineum (circle), P. papilio-laoticus (triangle), P. barbigerum var. sulivongii (semi-circle) and P. vejvarutianum (pentagon) (drawn by W. Tongkham) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses
FIGURE. Distribution map of P. charlesworthii var. lannaense (star), P. charlesworthii (square), P. barbigerum var. coccineum (circle), P. papilio-laoticus (triangle), P. barbigerum var. sulivongii (semi-circle) and P. vejvarutianum (pentagon) (drawn by W. Tongkham)
Mammal-mediated seed dispersal in Vanilla: its rewards and clues to the evolution of fleshy fruits in orchids
<p>Data on frequency of visits by Vanilla bahiana dispersers and data on acid scarification of seeds.</p>
Diversification of the orchid genus Tridactyle: origin of endemism on the oceanic islands of São Tomé & Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea
<p><b>Aim</b>: Oceanic islands have played an important role in our understanding of the diversification of organisms, and phylogenetic estimates have been used in this context to investigate the origin of island diversity and its relationship to the continent. Using a typical orchid genus rich in island endemics and with widespread continental relatives, we aim to compare alternative hypotheses of diversification with a focus on island endemism.</p> <p><b>Location</b>: Tropical Africa and the Gulf of Guinea Islands of São Tomé & Príncipe, Central Africa.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> <i>Tridactyle</i> genus (Orchidaceae).</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: We used genome skimming to sequence the whole chloroplast genome and nuclear ribosomal genes from 157 individuals of 34 <i>Tridactyle</i> species and 15 individuals of 12 other orchid genera (outgroups) to infer a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of the genus <i>Tridactyle</i>. We also used multiple statistical methods to infer the geographic ranges of the ancestral nodes from the estimated phylogeny. Alternative hypotheses for the origins of endemism on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were investigated based on the biogeographic reconstruction of the genus.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: The estimated phylogeny of <i>Tridactyle</i> and reconstruction of geographic ranges for the ancestral nodes suggested a general history of allopatric speciation for the genus, in particular via colonisation of the islands of the Gulf of Guinea that induced a long period of geographic isolation. The most parsimonious hypothesis to explain island endemism in <i>Tridactyle</i> involved 6 independent colonisations of the islands from the continent.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions: </b>In contrast to other cases of oceanic island endemism that involved adaptive radiation on an island or within an archipelago, endemism in <i>Tridactyle</i> is better explained by multiple colonisation events from the continent to São Tomé and Príncipe, with subsequent divergences due to geographic isolation but only one potential instance of further diversification on the islands.</p>
Bayesian mimicry in the non-rewarding saprophytic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii
<p>Bayesian mimicry, a type of deceptive pollination, is a complicated strategy used by non-rewarding plants to attract pollinators, but some hypotheses concerning this phenomenon have not been systematically verified. In order to show in detail a case of Bayesian mimicry on saprophytic orchid <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii</span></i> in this study, we compared floral characteristics of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>Lysimachia alfredi </span></i>as well as the pollination behavior of the insect <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp<i><span>.</span></i> towards the two species<i><span>. Lysimachia alfredi</span></i> can provide a reward to <i><span>Dufourea</span></i> sp., whereas <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>cannot<i><span>. </span></i>The flowering phenology and geographical distribution of these two plants are highly overlapping. Statistical analysis of quadrat and <i><span>L. alfredi</span></i> transplanting test data revealed that the fruit set rate of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>was significantly positively correlated with the number of nearby <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>individuals. In a glass cylinder experiment, <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>attracted <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp. through visual signals, but the insect could not distinguish between flowers of the two plants before landing on flowers. We observed that the ultraviolet reflection spectra of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>are highly similar. In addition, we found that the hexagonal color models of the two plants are consistent with the bee's visual characteristics, thus indicating that the visual signals of the flowers of the two plants are greatly similar. All of these results provide evidence that <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>simulates the visual signals of <i><span>L. alfredi</span></i> through <span class="15"><span>Batesian </span></span>mimicry, thereby deceivingly attracting <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp.</p>
FIGURE 3. Corybas kaiganganianus. A. Habit. B. Flower lateral view. C. Dorsal sepal, flattened. D. Cataphyll, flattened. E. Floral bract, flattened. F in Corybas kaiganganianus (Orchidaceae), a new, rare helmet orchid from Samar Island, Philippines
FIGURE 3. Corybas kaiganganianus. A. Habit. B. Flower lateral view. C. Dorsal sepal, flattened. D. Cataphyll, flattened. E. Floral bract, flattened. F. Column, showing pollinarium and stigma. G. Column lateral view, showing anther cap. H. Leaf. (Illustration by Danilo N. Tandang).
FIGURE 2. Corybas kaiganganianus. A. Habitat. B–C in Corybas kaiganganianus (Orchidaceae), a new, rare helmet orchid from Samar Island, Philippines
FIGURE 2. Corybas kaiganganianus. A. Habitat. B–C. Plant in natural habitat. D. Base of the labellum showing the four-ridged ovary, conical spurs, lateral sepals emerging between the conical spur and the lateral petals. E. Lateral view of sterile plant. F. Cataphyll. G. Front view at anthesis. H. Lateral view at anthesis. I. Back view at anthesis. J. Top view at anthesis. K. Back view of labellum. L. View of the hairs at the labellum. M. Labellum flattened abaxial view. N. Labellum flattened adaxial view. (Photography by MD delos Angeles.)
FIGURE 1 in Corybas kaiganganianus (Orchidaceae), a new, rare helmet orchid from Samar Island, Philippines
FIGURE 1. Type locality of Corybas kaiganganianus on Samar Island, Philippines (generated by Ren Divien Obeña using QGIS).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.