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FIG. 2 in A new species and a new record of the genus Phaeophyscia Moberg (Lecanorales, Physciaceae) from Pakistan supported by phenotypic and molecular phylogenetic analyses

FIG. 2. — Phaeophyscia kaghanensis Niazi, Nadeem, Afshan & Khalid, sp. nov.: A, foliose thallus of type specimen (holo-, LAH[LAH37615]); B, apothecia; C, section of an apothecium; D, E, ascus; F, ascospores. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 3 mm; C, 100 μm; D, 28 μm; E, 24 μm; F, 14 μm.

FIG. 1 in A new species and a new record of the genus Phaeophyscia Moberg (Lecanorales, Physciaceae) from Pakistan supported by phenotypic and molecular phylogenetic analyses

FIG. 1. — Phylogeny of Phaeophyscia Moberg and related species based on a maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of the ITS region. Phaeophyscia kaghanensis Niazi, Nadeem, Afshan & Khalid, sp. nov. and P. microspora Aptroot & Schumm are shown in bold.

Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants

Quantifying the relative contribution of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic variation is a longstanding goal of macroevolution, but it is often difficult to distinguish different types of constraints. Alternatively, selection can limit phenotypic (co)variation if some trait combinations are generally maladaptive. The anatomy of leaves with stomata on both surfaces (amphistomatous) presents a unique opportunity to test the importance of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypyic evolution. The key insight is that stomata on each leaf surface encounter the same functional and developmental constraints, but potentially different selective pressures because of leaf asymmetry in light capture, gas exchange, and other features. Independent evolution of stomatal traits on each surface implies that functional and developmental constraints alone likely do not explain trait covariance. Packing limits on how many stomata can fit into a finite epidermis and cell-size-mediated developmental integration are hypothesized to constrain variation in stomatal anatomy. The simple geometry of the planar leaf surface and knowledge of stomatal development makes it possible to derive equations for phenotypic (co)variance caused by these constraints and compare them with data. We analyzed evolutionary covariance between stomatal density and length in amphistomatous leaves from 236 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Stomatal anatomy on each surface diverges partially independently, meaning that packing limits and developmental integration are not sufficient to explain phenotypic (co)variation. Hence, (co)variation in ecologically important traits like stomata arises in part because there is a limited range of evolutionary optima. We show how it is possible to evaluate the contribution of different constraints by deriving expected patterns of (co)variance and testing them using similar but separate tissues, organs, or sexes.

Thermal phenotypic plasticity of pre- and post-copulatory male harm buffers sexual conflict in wild Drosophila melanogaster

<div> Strong sexual selection frequently leads to sexual conflict and ensuing male harm, whereby males increase their reproductive success at the expense of harming females. Male harm is a widespread evolutionary phenomenon with a strong bearing on population viability. Thus, understanding how it unfolds in the wild is a current priority. Here, we sampled a wild Drosophila melanogaster population and studied male harm across the normal range of temperatures under which it reproduces optimally in nature by comparing female lifetime reproductive success and underlying male harm mechanisms under monogamy (i.e., low male competition/harm) vs. polyandry (i.e., high male competition/harm). While females had equal lifetime reproductive success across temperatures under monogamy, polyandry resulted in a maximum decrease of female fitness at 24°C (35%), reducing its impact at both 20°C (22%), and 28°C (10%). Furthermore, female fitness components and pre- (i.e., harassment) and post-copulatory (i.e., ejaculate toxicity) mechanisms of male harm were asymmetrically affected by temperature. At 20ºC, male harassment of females was reduced, and polyandry accelerated female actuarial ageing. In contrast, the effect of mating on female receptivity (a component of ejaculate toxicity) was only modulated at 28ºC, where the mating costs for females decreased and polyandry mostly resulted in accelerated reproductive ageing. We thus show that, across a natural thermal range, sexual conflict processes and their effects on female fitness components are plastic and complex. As a result, the net effect of male harm on overall population viability is likely to be lower than previously surmised. We discuss how such plasticity may affect selection, adaptation and, ultimately, evolutionary rescue under a warming climate. </div>

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Female reproductive fluids 'rescue' sperm from phenotypic ageing in an external fertilizer

Female reproductive fluids (FRF) serve key reproductive functions in sexually reproducing animals, including modifying the way sperm swim and detect eggs, and influencing sperm lifespan. Despite the central role of FRF during fertilisation, we know surprisingly little about sperm-FRF interactions under different environmental conditions. Theory suggests that, in external fertilisers, FRF may 'rescue' sperm from ageing effects as they search to fertilise eggs. Here, we test the interaction between these two fundamental properties of the fertilisation environment, ejaculate age (i.e., time since ejaculation) and FRF, on a range of functional sperm phenotypes in a broadcast spawning mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. We found that the effects of ejaculate age on multivariate sperm motility traits and total sperm motility were altered by FRF, and that longer-lived sperm exhibit stronger, likely more advantageous, responses to FRF after periods of ageing. We also detected significant among-male variation in the relationship between sperm motility traits and ejaculate age; notably, these patterns were only revealed when sperm encountered FRF. Collectively these findings underscore the importance of considering female reproductive physiology when interpreting ageing-related declines in sperm motility, as doing so may expose important sources of variation in sperm phenotypic plasticity among males and environments.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Data from: Population divergence in heat and drought responses of a coastal plant: from metabolic phenotypes to plant morphology and growth

This dataset supports the article "Population divergence in heat and drought responses of a coastal plant: from metabolic phenotypes to plant morphology and growth", which is under minor revision in Journal of Experimental Botany. The study addresses the combined effects of and plant population origin, drought and heat stress on plant growth, plant morphology and the leaf metabolome. The data were assessed in Northern and Southern European individuals of Cakile maritma (See Rocket). An R-script containing all statistical analyses that have been implemented with these data is also provided.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Understanding and leveraging phenotypic plasticity during metastasis formation - Dataset

This repo contains the dataset from the manuscript "Understanding and leveraging phenotypic plasticity during metastasis formation" by Shah et al. This repo contains `.npy`, `numpy.ndarray` files created by the Python software package NumPy. Please see the `README.md` in the code repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989748) for installation and usage.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Genetic and phenotypic consequences of local transitions between sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction in the wild

Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction have occurred in numerous lineages across the tree of life, but many questions remain about how such transitions occur and why asexual populations rarely persist. In facultatively parthenogenetic animals, all-female populations can arise when males are absent or become extinct and, if such populations can persist asexually for many generations, they could ultimately give rise to obligately asexual species. However, the initial stages of this process remain poorly understood. The facultatively parthenogenetic Australian phasmid Megacrania batesii exhibits a spatial mosaic of mixed-sex populations that reproduce predominantly sexually and all-female sites that reproduce exclusively via parthenogenesis. We used this system to compare genetic and phenotypic parameters among multiple natural populations that vary in reproductive mode and geographic location. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) collected from reduced representation whole genome data showed populations grouping by geographic location rather than reproductive mode, with little gene-flow between them. Mixed-sex populations had drastically higher heterozygosities than all-female populations. Phenotypic analysis revealed considerable inter-population variation in rates of deformities in (non-functional) wings, with higher mean frequency and severity of deformities in all-female sites. All-female sites also harbored more parasites, but only in swamp habitats. However, reproductive mode did not explain variation in mean female fecundity, egg hatching success, or missing appendages. These results indicate that local transitions to parthenogenetic reproduction can lead to increased rates of developmental abnormalities and increased vulnerability to disease but can also occur without substantial fitness consequences despite dramatic reductions in genetic diversity and heterozygosity.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Data and Code for Publication "Inferring human neutral genetic variation from craniodental phenotypes"

Data and code for publication: H. Rathmann et al., Inferring human neutral genetic variation from craniodental phenotypes. PNAS Nexus. The repository contains: <ul> <li>“R code for DP-DG analysis.txt”: R code for testing levels of neutral evolutionary signals preserved in five craniodental data types: cranial metrics, dental metrics, cranial non-metric traits, dental non-metric traits, and craniodental metrics and non-metric traits combined.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>“Cranial metric data.csv”: Dataset consisting of 37 cranial metric variables for 26 worldwide modern populations, provided in a comma-separated values file format. The data were collected by T. Hanihara and originally presented in the publication titled: T. Hanihara, Comparison of craniofacial features of major human groups. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99, 389–412 (1996) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199603)99:3%3c389::AID-AJPA3%3e3.0.CO;2-S">https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199603)99:3<389::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-S</a>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li>“Dental metric data.csv”: Dataset comprising 28 dental metric variables for 26 worldwide modern populations, provided in a comma-separated values file format. The data were collected by T. Hanihara and originally presented in the publication titled: T. Hanihara, H. Ishida, Metric dental variation of major human populations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 128, 287–298 (2005) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20080">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20080</a>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li>“Cranial non-metric trait data.csv”: Dataset consisting of 24 cranial non-metric trait variables for 26 worldwide modern populations, provided in a comma-separated values file format. The data were collected for the most part by T. Hanihara and presented in the publication titled: T. Hanihara, H. Ishida, Y. Dodo, Characterization of biological diversity through analysis of discrete cranial traits. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 121, 241–251 (2003) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10233">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10233</a>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li>“Dental non-metric trait data.csv”: Dataset comprising 25 dental non-metric trait variables for 26 worldwide modern populations, provided in a comma-separated values file format. The data were collected by C. G. Turner II, G. R. Scott, and J. D. Irish. This individual-level dataset was artificially created from population-level trait frequency information presented in the publications: G. R. Scott, J. D. Irish, Human Tooth Crown and Root Morphology (Cambridge University Press, 2017) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316156629">https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316156629</a>); and: J. D. Irish, A. Morez, L. Girdland Flink, E. L. W. Phillips, G. R. Scott, Do dental nonmetric traits actually work as proxies for neutral genomic data? Some answers from continental- and global-level analyses. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 172, 347–375 (2020) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24052">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24052</a>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li>“SNP data.txt”: Dataset comprising 8,821 SNP markers for 26 worldwide modern populations, provided in a genepop file format. The data were obtained from various published sources: I. Lazaridis et al., Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409–413 (2014) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13673">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13673</a>); P. Qin, M. Stoneking, Denisovan ancestry in east Eurasian and native American populations. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32, 2665–2674 (2015) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv141">https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv141</a>); P. Skoglund et al., Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific. Nature 538, 510–513 (2016) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19844">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19844</a>); M. R. Nelson et al., The Population Reference Sample, POPRES: a resource for population, disease, and pharmacological genetics research. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 83, 347–358 (2008) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.08.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.08.005</a>); J. K. Pickrell, J. K. Pritchard, Inference of population splits and mixtures from genome-wide allele frequency data. PLoS Genet. 8, e1002967 (2012) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002967">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002967</a>); A. Bergström et al., Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes. Science 367 (2020) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay5012">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay5012</a>); B. M. Henn et al., Genomic ancestry of North Africans supports back-to-Africa migrations. PLoS Genet. 8, e1002397 (2012) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397</a>); S. Mallick et al., The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations. Nature 538, 201–206 (2016) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964</a>); Lao et al., Correlation between genetic and geographic structure in Europe. Curr. Biol. 18, 1241–1248 (2008) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.049">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.049</a>); and M. Lipson et al., Population Turnover in Remote Oceania Shortly after Initial Settlement. Curr. Biol. 28, 1157-1165.e7 (2018) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.051">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.051</a>).</li> </ul> For population and variable names and abbreviations, see Supplementary Information in: H. Rathmann et al., Inferring human neutral genetic variation from craniodental phenotypes. PNAS Nexus.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Accelerated high-throughput imaging and phenotyping system for small organisms

Studying the complex web of interactions in biological communities requires large multifactorial experiments with sufficient statistical power. Automation tools reduce the time and labor associated with setup, data collection, and analysis in experiments that untangle these webs. We developed tools for high-throughput experimentation (HTE) in duckweeds, small aquatic plants that are amenable to autonomous experimental preparation and image-based phenotyping. We showcase the abilities of our HTE system in a study with 6,000 experimental units grown across 2,000 treatments. These automated tools facilitated the collection and analysis of time-resolved growth data, which revealed finer dynamics of plant-microbe interactions across environmental gradients. Altogether, our HTE system can run experiments with up to 11,520 experimental units and can be adapted for other small organisms.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Data from: Maximum mutational robustness in genotype-phenotype maps follows a self-similar blancmange-like curve

<div class="section abstract"> Phenotype robustness, defined as the average mutational robustness of all the genotypes that map to a given phenotype, plays a key role in facilitating neutral exploration of novel phenotypic variation by an evolving population. By applying results from coding theory, we prove that the maximum phenotype robustness occurs when genotypes are organised as bricklayer's graphs, so called because they resemble the way in which a bricklayer would fill in a Hamming graph. The value of the maximal robustness is given by a fractal continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere sums-of-digits function from number theory. Interestingly, genotype-phenotype (GP) maps for RNA secondary structure and the HP model for protein folding can exhibit phenotype robustness that exactly attains this upper bound. By exploiting properties of the sums-of-digits function, we prove a lower bound on the deviation of the maximum robustness of phenotypes with multiple neutral components from the bricklayer's graph bound, and show that RNA secondary structure phenotypes obey this bound. Finally, we show how robustness changes when phenotypes are coarse-grained and derive a formula and associated bounds for the transition probabilities between such phenotypes. </div>

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Video Dataset of Respiratory Cilia Motion Phenotypes

Respiratory cilia are important components in the lung defense mechanism. The coordinated beating of cilia cleans the airways of pathogens and foreign particles. We present a large-scale validation dataset of cilia motion for characterizing ciliary function. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is provided as benchmark metrics. The video dataset of cilia motion phenotypes contains four categories: temperatures, drugs and ACE2 manipulation. Under each category, mouse trachea samples were treated with different stimuli and imaged with a high-speed video microscope to acquire cilia motion. In addition, we generate ground truth masks labeling ciliary area for image segmentation. This validation dataset can serve as a benchmark for the computer vision community to develop models for analyzing ciliary beat pattern. This video dataset contains 872 videos and their ground-truth masks with the ciliary area labeled. The videos were recorded at 250 frames per second for 1 second. The image size is 800x800. Each pixel is 0.07987 μm. The csv file contains the CBF values of each video.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Spring temperature drives phenotypic selection on plasticity of flowering time

In seasonal environments, a high responsiveness of development to increasing temperatures in spring can infer benefits in terms of a longer growing season, but also costs in terms of an increased risk of facing unfavourable weather conditions. Still, we know little about how climatic conditions influence the optimal plastic response. Using 22 years of field observations for the perennial forest herb Lathyrus vernus, we assessed phenotypic selection on among-individual variation in reaction norms of flowering time to spring temperature, and examined if among-year variation in selection on plasticity was associated with spring temperature conditions. We found significant among-individual variation in mean flowering time and flowering time plasticity, and that plants that flowered earlier also had a more plastic flowering time. Selection favoured individuals with an earlier mean flowering time and a lower thermal plasticity of flowering time. Less plastic individuals were more strongly favoured in colder springs, indicating that spring temperature influenced optimal flowering time plasticity. Our results show how selection on plasticity can be linked to climatic conditions, and illustrate how we can understand and predict evolutionary responses of organisms to changing environmental conditions.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Similarity network fusion to identify phenotypes of small for gestational age fetuses

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) affects 5-10% of pregnancies, is the largest contributor to fetal death, and can have long-term consequences for the child. Implementation of a standard clinical classification system is hampered by the multiphenotypic spectrum of small fetuses with substantial differences in perinatal risks. Machine learning and multiomics data can potentially revolutionize clinical decision-making in FGR by identifying new phenotypes. Herein, we describe a cluster analysis of FGR based on an unbiased machine-learning method. Our results confirm the existence of two subtypes of human FGR with distinct molecular and clinical features based on multi-omic analysis. In addition, we demonstrated that clusters generated by machine learning significantly outperform single data subtype analysis and biologically support the current clinical classification in predicting adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Our approach can aid in the refinement of clinical classification systems for FGR supported by molecular and clinical signatures.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Genotype, phenotype and linkage data for Mimulus parishii x M. cardinalis hybrid incompatibility study

The evolution of genomic incompatibilities causing postzygotic barriers to hybridization is a key step in species divergence. Incompatibilities take two general forms – structural divergence between chromosomes leading to severe hybrid sterility in F1 hybrids and epistatic interactions between genes causing reduced fitness of hybrid gametes or zygotes (Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities). Despite substantial recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary origins of both types of incompatibility, how each behaves across multiple generations of hybridization remains relatively unexplored. Here, we use genetic mapping in F2 and RIL hybrid populations between the phenotypically divergent but naturally hybridizing monkeyflowers Mimulus cardinalis and M. parishii to characterize the genetic basis of hybrid incompatibility and examine its changing effects over multiple generations of experimental hybridization. In F2s, we found severe hybrid pollen inviability (< 50% reduction vs. parental genotypes) and pseudolinkage caused by a reciprocal translocation between Chromosomes 6 and 7 in the parental species. RILs retained excess heterozygosity around the translocation breakpoints, which caused substantial pollen inviability when interstitial crossovers had not created compatible heterokaryotypic configurations. Strong transmission ratio distortion and inter-chromosomal linkage disequilibrium in both F2s and RILs identified a novel two-locus genic incompatibility causing sex-independent gametophytic (haploid) lethality. The latter interaction eliminated three of the expected nine F2 genotypic classes via F1 gamete loss without detectable effects on the pollen number or viability of F2 double heterozygotes. Along with the mapping of numerous milder incompatibilities, these key findings illuminate the complex genetics of plant hybrid breakdown and are an important step toward understanding the genomic consequences of natural hybridization in this model system.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Supplement data for : Intratumoral drug-releasing microdevices allow in situ high throughput pharmaco phenotyping in patients with gliomas

Transcriptomic and metabolomic data associated with the manuscript:  Intratumoral drug-releasing microdevices allow in situ high throughput pharmaco phenotyping in patients with gliomas.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Data from: Phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity shed light on endemism of rare Boechera perstellata and its potential vulnerability to climate warming

Premise of the study: The rapid pace of contemporary environmental change puts many species at risk, especially rare species constrained by limited capacity to adapt or migrate due to low genetic diversity and/or fitness. But the ability to acclimate can provide another way to persist through change. We compared the capacity of rare Boechera perstellata (Braun's rockcress) and widespread B. laevigata to acclimate to change. Methods: We investigated the phenotypic plasticity of growth, biomass allocation, and leaf morphology of individuals of B. perstellata and B. laevigata propagated from seed collected from several populations throughout their ranges in a growth chamber experiment to assess their capacity to acclimate. Concurrently, we assessed the genetic diversity of sampled populations using 17 microsatellite loci to assess evolutionary potential. Key results: Plasticity was limited in both rare B. perstellata and widespread B. laevigata, but differences in the plasticity of root traits between species suggest that B. perstellata may have less capacity to acclimate to change. In contrast to its widespread congener, B. perstellata exhibited no plasticity in response to temperature and weaker plastic responses to water availability. As expected, B. perstellata also had lower levels of observed heterozygosity than B. laevigata at the species level, but population-level trends in diversity measures were inconsistent due to high heterogeneity among B. laevigata populations. Conclusions: Overall, the ability of phenotypic plasticity to broadly explain the rarity of B. perstellata vs. commonness of B. laevigata is limited. However, some contextual aspects of our plasticity findings compared with its relatively low genetic variability may shed light on the narrow range and habitat associations of B. perstellata and suggest its vulnerability to climate warming due to acclimatory and evolutionary constraints.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Data and R scripts associated with Clark, Moles, Fazlioglu, Brandenburger & Hartley, "Rapid loss of phenotypic plasticity in the introduced range of the beach daisy, Arctotheca populifolia."

Data to accompany article accepted for publication in Journal of Ecology. "Rapid loss of phenotypic plasticity in the introduced range of the beach daisy, Arctotheca populifolia" By Charlie D. Clark, Angela T. Moles, Fatih Fazlioglu, Claire R. Brandenburger, & Stephen Hartley 1 zip file that contains the following:       2 datasets (xlsx format)       9 R scripts to run the analyses and produce figures

publicApr 2022View details →

Data used in manuscript, "Context-dependent concordance between physiological divergence and phenotypic selection in sister taxa with contrasting phenology and mating systems"

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