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342 results for “plant productivity”
Data from: Soil biota suppress positive plant diversity effects on productivity at high but not low soil fertility
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Systemic effects of rising atmospheric vapor pressure deficit on plant physiology and productivity
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Data from: Investigating the production of sexual resting structures in a plant pathogen reveals unexpected self-fertility and genotype-by-environment effects
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Disentangling the effects of biomass and productivity in plant competition
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Data from the study: Effect of experimental DNA demethylation on phytohormones production and palatability of a clonal plant after induction via jasmonic acid
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Does the munch affect the bunch? Using community science to explore insect herbivory and fruit production in an understory plant
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Increased diversity by cushion plants enhances alpine community productivity and stability
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Plant community light interception:Biodiversity: A field test of biofuel production and ground-water quality
Bioenergy could be an important part of the solution to the projected climate problems of the future, and in addition could provide auxiliary ecological services. The project described here aims to parameterize expected benefits of diverse prairie biofuel plantations for groundwater quality, and also to further evaluate its biofuel potential. This project, done in cooperation with the USGS, grows out of purely scientific discoveries in other Cedar Creek experiments. We know that diverse prairie systems are better able to retain inorganic nitrogen than monoculture systems (e.g., Dijkstra etal. 2007). However, nitrogen is just one pollutant of many being delivered to surface-water and ground-water from agricultural systems. There are a number of others including phosphorus, pesticides, and veterinary pharmaceuticals. This fact combined with the rising demand for corn grain ethanol could lead to further declines in the water quality of agricultural regions in the United States. Perennial vegetative buffers, in particular diverse prairies and/or hay (CRP), are proposed solutions. The vegetation in such buffers can be used for biofuel and simultaneously appear to be attenuate leaching of agricultural compounds through the unsaturated zone to groundwater. This 3-year cooperative USGS and UMN study will (1) examine the ability of prairies and hay (CRP) to attenuate leaching of agricultural compounds to ground-water (2) compare biofuel production of four cropping systems: diverse prairie, hay (CRP), corn grown with chemical fertilizer, and corn grown with a combination of manure and chemical fertilizer, (3) provide for future investigations into microbial antibiotic resistance and (4) provide a better understanding of the unsaturated zone hydrology and shallow groundwater recharge at Cedar Creek. The project will take place in the E120 field.
Multispectral Radiometry percent reflectance:The influence of natural enemies on plant community composition and productivity
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the influences of natural enemies, including plant pathogenic fungi and insect pests, influence plant community composition, productivity, and diversity over time. The experiment is being conducted in an old field that is burned every other year. Within the old field, there are 8 blocks, and within each block there are 6 treatments: foliar fungicide, soil drench fungicide, foliar insecticide, mammal exclosure, the combination of all enemy suppression tactics (pesticides and mammal exclosure), and a nontreated control. The pesticides are applied repeatedly throughout the growing season. Within the plots, community productivity, species composition, percent cover, and pest damage are being quantified over time.
High-value plant metabolite production in synthetic biosystems
<p><i>Ephedra sinica</i> is a high-value medicinal plant that produces important phenylpropylamino alkaloids pseudoephedrine and ephedrine. Few genomics resources exist for <i>E. </i>sinica, which has been characterized as a tetraploid with a monoploid genome size of 8.56 Gb. Here we reported a partial genome assembly of <i>E. sinica</i> (12.8 Gb) based on Illumina short-read sequencing technology at low coverage.</p>
Data from: The triangular seed mass-leaf area relationship holds for annual plants and is determined by habitat productivity
Plant allometries help us to understand resource allocation in plants and provide insight into how communities are structured. For woody species, a triangular allometric relationship between seed size and leaf size occurs in which all combinations are all possible, except for species with big seeds and small leaves (Cornelissen 1999). This relationship is thought to be a consequence of between habitat variation in abiotic conditions. In this study, we tested if the triangular relationship between seed mass and leaf area holds for annual species, and if variation in soil productivity and light (measured as Ellenberg indicator values: EIVs) are driving this relationship. We show that the triangular relationship also holds for annuals, which suggests that the allometric combinations between leaf area and seed mass are conserved across life-forms. The triangular relationship was driven by between-habitat variation in soil productivity. This means that as soil productivity increases, plants with bigger leaves could have either big or small seeds. However, in low soil productivity habitats, plants are constrained in their options, and plants with small leaves can only have small seeds.
Data from: Genome-guided investigation of plant natural product biosynthesis
The medicinal plant Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, produces hundreds of biologically active monoterpene-derived indole alkaloid (MIA) metabolites and is the sole source of the potent, expensive anti-cancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine. Access to a genome sequence would enable insights into the biochemistry, control, and evolution of genes responsible for MIA biosynthesis. However, generation of a near-complete, scaffolded genome is prohibitive to small research communities due to the expense, time, and expertise required. In this study, we generated a genome assembly for C. roseus which provides a near comprehensive representation of the genic space that revealed the genomic context of key points within the MIA biosynthetic pathway including physically clustered genes, tandem gene duplication, expression subfunctionalization, and putative neofunctionalization. The genome sequence also facilitated high resolution coexpression analyses that revealed three distinct clusters of co-expression within the components of the MIA pathway. Coordinated biosynthesis of precursors and intermediates throughout the pathway appear to be a feature of vinblastine/vincristine biosynthesis. The C. roseus genome also revealed localization of enzyme-rich genic regions and transporters near known biosynthetic enzymes, highlighting how even a draft genome sequence can empower the study of high-value specialized metabolites.
Data from: Partner diversity and identity impacts on plant productivity in Acacia-rhizobial interactions
1.Genetic variation for functionally important traits is ubiquitous in communities of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, and while some studies have described significant effects of diversity on the functioning of plant-associated microbial communities, we lack a systematic test of how rhizobial diversity influences plant productivity. 2. The complexity of potential interactions among rhizobia and plants complicates the development of general predictions regarding causal relationships between rhizobial diversity and plant productivity. For example, while rhizobial complementarity may result in positive associations between symbiont diversity and plant productivity, antagonistic competition may reduce rhizobial community function. 3. Using two widespread native Australian Acacia species (A. salicina, A. stenophylla) and experimental rhizobial communities derived from 16 bacterial genotypes naturally associated with these hosts, we examined how the provision of mutualistic benefit varies with rhizobial identity, diversity and phylogenetic relatedness. 4. Analysis of plant performance in relation to rhizobial genotypic richness revealed that the presence of multiple rhizobial genotypes in the rhizosphere was associated with a general decrease in plant productivity compared to growth with single rhizobial genotypes. Importantly, these results appear to be robust in the face of variation in host identity and host diversity (i.e. one or two species mixtures). We also found that rhizobial genotypic identity and host species significantly influenced plant productivity in Acacia-rhizobia interactions, both in single and multi-strain inoculations. 5. Synthesis. Together, our data show that multiple rhizobia interacting with a single host species creates opportunities for emergent or higher-order effects that extend beyond those that could be simply predicted based upon outcomes of pairwise interactions, and that increased mutualist diversity does not necessarily translate into positive effects on plant growth.
Data from: Woody plant biomass and carbon exchange depend on elephant-fire interactions across a productivity gradient in African savanna
Elephants and fire are individually well-known disturbance agents within savanna ecosystems, but their interactive role in governing tree-cover dynamics and savanna–forest biome boundaries remains unresolved. Of central importance are the mechanisms by which elephants vs. fire affect tree biomass and cover, and how – over long time periods – both factors interact with rainfall and soils to govern tree biomass and carbon dynamics. Here, we evaluated the response of woody vegetation to 56 years of fire manipulation in South Africa's Kruger National Park, with three fire regimes (annual, triennial and unburned) replicated across a productivity gradient and subject to two periods of contrasting elephant abundances (generated by the cessation of culling in 1994). Higher fire frequencies had a negative effect on woody biomass in the low-elephant period, but this effect was weak to negligible in the high-elephant period as the difference among fire treatments diminished. Moreover, elephants removed increasing amounts of woody biomass as productivity increased across study sites, but fire did not. We infer that elephant-induced tree mortality could overcome increases in woody-plant productivity, while fire-induced mortality alone could not. Elephants caused woody-plant carbon to shift from a sink to a source; this effect was independent of fire treatment, with highest rates of net carbon removal in the wettest and most productive site. Synthesis. Our results reveal a context-dependent interaction between fire and elephants as disturbance agents in savanna: the influence of fire on woody plants was sensitive to the abundance of elephants and diminished with increased plant productivity. In contrast, elephants were capable of shifting landscapes from relatively dense woodland to open savanna, even in unburned sites, and exerted strong impacts irrespective of site conditions and plant productivity.
Data from: Effects of between-site variation in soil microbial communities and plant-soil feedbacks on the productivity and composition of plant communities
A critical challenge in the science and practice of restoration ecology is to understand the drivers of variation in restoration outcomes. Soil microbial communities may have a role in explaining this variation due to both site-to-site variation in the composition of soil microbial communities and due to variation that can arise due to plant-soil feedbacks. We tested the relative importance of between-site variation in soil microbial community composition and plant-soil feedbacks in shaping plant community composition and ecosystem function. We used a standard two-phase plant-soil feedback design. Soil inoculum was collected from four tallgrass prairie sites. Then, soils were conditioned separately with nine plant species, and conditioned soils were used to inoculate prairie community mesocosms. In a separate experiment using soil from an additional site we tested conditioned soil samples for the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia. Site of soil origin and plant-soil feedbacks both had effects on the composition and productivity of our plant communities, and the magnitudes of these effects were similar. We also found changes in the abundance of AMF and rhizobia due to plant-soil feedbacks and that AMF abundance were associated with differences in plant community composition. These results indicate that the composition of soil communities due to site-to-site variation and plant-soil feedbacks are both important determinants of plant community composition and productivity. Our results also suggest that AMF and rhizobia are key microbial functional groups underlying plant-soil feedback effects. Synthesis and applications. Site-to-site variation in soil communities can explain some variation in restoration of plant communities. Since plant-soil feedback effects of restored plant species do not overcome this variation, knowledge of soil microbial communities present at a site prior to initiation of restoration efforts may improve predictability of restoration outcomes, and reintroduction of some components of the soil community may be necessary to achieve restoration goals. Additionally, by understanding variation due to plant-soil feedbacks, restoration practitioners can choose plant species for reintroduction that will create favourable soil conditions, including promoting microbial mutualists. Plant-soil feedbacks should also make it possible to increase heterogeneity in soil microbial communities, leading to increases in beta diversity in plant communities.
Data from: The genetics of phenotypic plasticity in plant defense: trichome production in Mimulus guttatus
Insect herbivory is a major driving force of plant evolution. Phenotypic plasticity and developmental variation provide a means for plants to cope with variable herbivory. We characterized the genetics of developmental variation and phenotypic plasticity in trichome density, a putative defensive trait of Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower). Our results are evaluated in relation to the optimal defense theory, which provides testable predictions for plastic and developmental patterns in defense traits. We found that both developmental stage and simulated insect damage affected trichome production, but in different ways. Plants were more likely to produce at least some trichomes on later leaves than on earlier leaves, regardless of damage. Damage did not affect the average probability of producing trichomes, but it did increase the density of hairs on trichome‐positive plants. We mapped trichome quantitative trait loci (QTL) by selectively genotyping a large panel of recombinant inbred lines derived from two highly divergent populations. Several highly pleiotropic QTL influenced multiple aspects of the trichome phenotype (constitutive, developmental, and/or plastic responses). Only one of the QTL influenced trichome induction following damage. In a result that is consistent with a central prediction of optimal defense theory, the high allele at this location was from the ancestral population with low constitutive trichome production.
Plant community impact on productivity: trait diversity or key(stone) species effects?
<p>Outside controlled experimental plots, the impact of community attributes on primary productivity has rarely been compared to that of individual species. Here, we identified plant species of high importance for productivity (key species) in >29,000 diverse grassland communities in the European Alps, and compared their effects with those of community-level measures of functional composition (weighted means, variances, skewness, and kurtosis). After accounting for the environment, the five most important key species jointly explained more deviance of productivity than any measure of functional composition alone. Key species were generally tall with high specific leaf areas. By dividing the observations according to distinct habitats, the explanatory power of key species and functional composition increased and key-species plant types and functional composition-productivity relationships varied systematically, presumably because of changing interactions and trade-offs between traits. Our results advocate for a careful consideration of species' individual effects on ecosystem functioning in complement to community-level measures.</p>
Data from: Is increased male flower production a strategy for avoidance of predispersal seed predation in andromonoecious plants?
<p>Floral gender in angiosperms often varies within and among populations. We conducted a field survey to test how predispersal seed predation affects sex allocation in an andromonoecious alpine herb <i>Peucedanum multivittatum</i>. We compared plant size, male and perfect flower production, fruit set, and seed predation rate over three years among nine populations inhabiting diverse snowmelt conditions in alpine meadows. Flowering period of individual populations varied from mid-July to late August reflecting the snowmelt time. Although perfect flower and fruit productions increased with plant size, size-dependency of male flower production was less clear. The number of male flowers was larger in the early-flowering populations, while the number of perfect flowers increased in the late-flowering populations. Thus, male-biased sex allocation was common in the early-flowering populations. Fruit-set rates varied among populations and between years, irrespective of flowering period. Fruit-set success of individual plants increased with perfect flower number, but independent of male flower number. Seed predation by lepidopteran larvae was intense in the early-flowering populations, whereas predation damage was absent in the late-flowering populations, reflecting the extent of phenological matching between flowering time of host plants and oviposition period of predator moths. Seed predation rate was independent of male and perfect flower numbers of individual plants. Thus, seed predation is a stochastic event in each population. There was a clear correlation between the proportion of male flowers and the intensity of seed predation among populations. These results suggest that male-biased sex allocation could be a strategy to reduce seed predation damage but maintain the effort as a pollen donor under intensive seed predation.</p>
Leaf economic strategies drive global variation in phosphorus stimulation of terrestrial plant production
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Predictive ability of perennial ryegrass spaced-plant nurseries for turfgrass and seed production swards in Minnesota
<p>Turf-type perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i> L.) success depends both on adequate turfgrass quality and economic seed yield. In most breeding programs, spaced plants are the initial unit of selection in which observations of related individuals dictate selections of superior germplasm for further testing. As such, spaced plants must be predictive of both seed production and turfgrass growing environments. This study investigated the effectiveness of both standard (3 plants m<sup>-2</sup>) and competitive (23 plants m<sup>-2</sup>) spaced-plant nurseries as selection environments with respect to two sward environments as well as employed a novel image analysis technique for several key traits. Seed production, turfgrass, and the two spaced-plant growing environments were tested at two locations in Minnesota. Turfgrass quality traits were measured in 2017 and 2018 and seed production traits were measured in 2018. Automated image analysis was able to predict the traditional visual scoring values at both locations for crown rust severity (r<sub>p</sub> > 0.79, P < 0.001), winter injury (r<sub>p</sub> > 0.89, P < 0.001), and texture (r<sub>p</sub> > 0.88, P < 0.001). Increasing competition in between spaced plants altered plant phenotype and improved accuracy for vegetative biomass, crown rust severity, seed yield, and at one location, turfgrass quality. There was no benefit of increasing competition for several traits such as genetic color, fertile tillers, and spikelet number. While the competitive design was not useful for all traits, from a feasibility standpoint the competitive design took up less space and often made measurements and observations much easier for bunch-type grasses.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.