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535 results for “quaternary”
Figure 10. BMNH r2081 in Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar
Figure 10. BMNH r2081, Voay robustus, parietal, dorsal view. Scale = 1 cm.
Figure 1. MCZ 1006 in Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar
Figure 1. MCZ 1006, neotype, Voay robustus, dorsal (A, C) and ventral (B, D) views. Scale = 5 cm.
Figure 2. AMNH 3101 in Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar
Figure 2. AMNH 3101, Voay robustus, skull, right lateral view. Scale = 5 cm.
Datasets of binary and quaternary alloys with Curie temperature and magnetization for the eRSM
<pre>binary_alloys: A material dataset containing 100 transition-rare earth metal binary alloys, comprising nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), or iron (Fe), and the corresponding Curie temperatures ($T_{C}$). This dataset was collected from the Atomwork database of the National Institute of Materials Science \cite{paulingfile,atomwork}. Each binary alloy in $\mathcal{D}_{binary}$ is represented using seven descriptors: (1,2) the atomic number of transition metal ($Z_T$) and rare-earth ($Z_R$) constituents; (3) projection of the spin magnetic moment onto the total angular moment of the $4f$ elections ($J_{4f}\left(1-g_{j}\right)$); (4, 5) covalent radius ($r_{covT}$) and first ionization (${IP}_T$) of the transition metal; (6, 7) concentration of the transition metal ($C_T$) and rare-earth metal ($C_R$). </pre> <pre>quaternary_alloys: A material dataset contains 990 equiatomic quaternary high-entropy alloys, which comprise $14$ transition metals {Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ru, Tc, Zn}, and the corresponding calculated magnetizations and Curie temperatures in the BCC phase. The dataset was collected from an original dataset of 147,630 equiatomic quaternary high-entropy alloys calculated using Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker coherent approximation method . Each alloy in the dataset is represented using 135 compositional descriptors, including the means, standard deviations, and covariance of the atomic representations of their constituent elements and four categorical features indicating the elements comprising the quaternary alloy. </pre>
Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change
<p>This release contains the code and data used in the paper: Wu-Bing Xu et al., Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change. <em>Sci. Adv. </em><strong>9</strong>, eadd8553 (2023). DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add8553">10.1126/sciadv.add8553</a></p>
Figure 2 in A phylogenetic analysis of the grape genus (Vitis L.) reveals broad reticulation and concurrent diversification during neogene and quaternary climate change
Figure 2 (See legend on next page.)
Figure 1 in Late Quaternary Fossil Vertebrates of the Broken River Karst Area, Northern Queensland, Australia
Figure 1. Map showing study sites and regional geological provinces of the Broken River karst area.
Assembly, persistence, and disassembly dynamics of Quaternary Caribbean frugivore communities
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Data for: Molecular footprints of Quaternary climate fluctuations in the circumpolar tundra shrub dwarf birch
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Data from: The first pre-Quaternary fossil record of the clade Mabuyidae with a comment on the enclosure of the Meckelian canal in skinks
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Data from: Linking micro- and macroevolutionary perspectives to evaluate the role of Quaternary sea-level oscillations in island diversification
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Influence of Quaternary environmental changes on mole populations inferred from mitochondrial sequences and evolutionary rate estimation
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Nuclear phylogeography of the temperate tree species Chiranthodendron pentadactylon (Malvaceae): Quaternary relicts in Mesoamerican cloud forests
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The hidden legacy of megafaunal extinction: loss of functional diversity and resilience over the late Quaternary at Hall’s Cave
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Data from: Homogenisation of carnivorous mammal ensembles caused by global range reductions of large-bodied hypercarnivores during the late Quaternary
Carnivorous mammals play crucial roles in ecosystems by influencing prey densities and behaviour, and recycling carrion. Yet, the influence of carnivores on global ecosystems has been affected by extinctions and range contractions throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene (~130 000 years ago to the current). Large-bodied mammals were particularly affected, but how dietary strategies influenced species' susceptibility to geographic range reductions remains unknown. We investigated 1) the importance of dietary strategies in explaining range reductions of carnivorous mammals (≥5% vertebrate meat consumption), and 2) differences in functional diversity of continental carnivore ensembles by comparing current, known ranges to current, expected ranges under a present-natural counterfactual scenario. The present-natural counterfactual estimates current mammal ranges had modern humans not expanded out of Africa during the Late Pleistocene and were not a main driver of extinctions and range contractions, alongside changing climates. Ranges of large-bodied hypercarnivorous mammals are currently smaller than expected, compared to smaller-bodied carnivorous mammals that consume less vertebrate meat. This resulted in consistent differences in continental functional diversity, whereby current ensembles of carnivorous mammals have undergone homogenisation through structural shifts towards smaller-bodied insectivorous and herbivorous species. The magnitude of ensemble structural shift varied among continents, with Australia experiencing the greatest difference. Weighting functional diversity by species' geographic range sizes caused a three-fold greater shift in ensemble centroids than when using presence-absence alone. Conservation efforts should acknowledge current reductions in the potential geographic ranges of large-bodied hypercarnivores and aim to restore functional roles in carnivore ensembles, where possible, across continents.
Data from: Quaternary land bridges have not been universal conduits of gene flow
<p>Quaternary climate oscillations are a well-known driver of animal diversification, but their effects are most well studied in areas where glaciations lead to habitat fragmentation. In large areas of the planet, however, glaciations have had the opposite effect, but here their impacts are much less well understood. This is especially true in Southeast Asia, where cyclical changes in land distribution have generated enormous land expansions during glacial periods. In this study, we selected a panel of five songbird species complexes covering a range of ecological specificities to investigate the effects Quaternary land bridges have had on the connectivity of Southeast Asian forest biota. Specifically, we combined morphological and bioacoustic analysis with an arsenal of population-genomic and modelling approaches applied to thousands of genome-wide DNA markers across a total of hundreds of individuals. Our analyses show that species dependent on forest understorey exhibit deep differentiation between Borneo and western Sundaland, with no evidence of gene flow during the land bridges accompanying the last 1-2 ice ages. In contrast, dispersive canopy species and habitat generalists have experienced more recent gene flow. Our results argue that there remains much cryptic species-level diversity to be discovered in Southeast Asia even in well-known animal groups such as birds, especially in non-dispersive forest understorey inhabitants. We also demonstrate that Quaternary land bridges have not been equally suitable conduits of gene flow for all species complexes, and that life history is a major factor in predicting relative population divergence time across Quaternary climate fluctuations.</p>
Data from: A topoclimate model for Quaternary insular speciation
Aim. Understanding speciation as a process on islands, particularly speciation within individual islands, is key to explain the high levels of invertebrate speciation that characterise many oceanic islands and archipelagos. Here we propose an insular topoclimate model for Quaternary diversification (ITQD), and test the general prediction that, within a radially eroded conical island, within glacial climate conditions facilitate the divergence of populations within species across valleys. Location. Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. Taxon. The Laparocerus tessellatus beetle species complex (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Methods. We characterise individual-level genomic relationships using single nucleotide polymorphisms produced by double-digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq). A range of parameter values were explored in order to filter our data. We assess individual relatedness, species boundaries, demographic history and spatial patterns of connectivity. Results. The total number of ddRAD-seq loci per sample ranges from 4576 to 512, with 11.12% and 4.84% of missing data respectively, depending on the filtering parameter combination. We consistently infer four genetically distinct ancestral populations and two presumed cases of admixture, one of which is largely restricted to high altitudes. Bayes factor delimitation support the hypothesis of four species, which is consistent with the four inferred ancestral gene pools. Landscape resistance analyses identified genomic relatedness among individuals in two out of the four inferred species to be best explained by annual precipitation during the last glacial maximum rather than geographic distance. Main conclusions. Our data reveal a complex speciation history involving population isolation and admixture, with broad support for the ITQD model here proposed. We suggest that further studies are needed to test the generality of our model, and enrich our understanding of the evolutionary process in island invertebrates. Our results demonstrate the power of ddRAD-seq data to provide a detailed understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of insular biodiversity.
Influence of annealing atmosphere on performances of CIGS film by sputtering from quaternary targets
<p>Quaternary sputtering without additional selenization is a low-cost alternative method for the preparation of Cu(InGa)Se<sub>2</sub> (CIGS) thin film for photovoltaics. However, the device efficiency without selenization is much lower than that with selenization. To illuminate the issue, we compared the properties of absorbers including the morphology, depth profile, composition, electrical properties and the recombination mechanism comprehensively. The results revealed that the superficial Se of CIGS film annealed in Se-free atmosphere is less than that annealed in Se-containing atmosphere,and the loss of Se reduced the carrier concentration and enhanced the resistivity of CIGS film. Besides, the loss of Se caused the dominant recombination mechanism to be CIGS/CdS interface recombination. The increase of interface recombination was considered to be the reason for the reduced efficiency of the device annealed in Se-free atmosphere.</p>
Data from: Late Quaternary environmental and human impacts on the mitochondrial DNA diversity of four commensal rodents in Myanmar
<p>We addressed the spatiotemporal characteristics of four commensal rodent species occurring in Myanmar in comparison with other areas of the Indo-Malayan region. We examined sequence variations of the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i>gene (<i>Cytb</i>) in the Pacific rat (<i>Rattus exulans</i>), roof rat(<i>Rattus rattus</i>complex, RrC), lesser bandicoot rat (<i>Bandicota bengalensis</i>), and house mouse(<i>Mus musculus</i>) using the recently developed time-dependent evolutionary rates of mtDNA. The <i>Cytb</i>sequences of RrC from Myanmar were shown to belong to RrC Lineage II, and their level of genetic diversity was relatively high compared to those of the other three species. RrC was found to have experienced bottleneck and rapid expansion events at least twice in the late Pleistocene period in Myanmar and a nearby region. Accordingly, paleoclimatic environmental fluctuations were shown to be an important factor affecting rodents in the subtropics of the Indo-Malayan region. Our results show that human activities during the last 10,000 years of the Holocene period affected the population dynamics of the rodent species examined, including introducing them to Myanmar from neighboring countries. Further study of these four commensal rodents in other geographic areas of the Indo-Malayan region would allow us to better understand the factors that drove their evolution and their ecological trends.</p>
Data from: Community assembly and climate mismatch in Late-Quaternary eastern North American pollen assemblages
Plant community response to climate change ranges from synchronous tracking to strong mismatch. Explaining this variation in climate change response is critical for accurate global change modeling. Here we quantify how closely assemblages track changes in climate (match/mismatch) and how broadly climate niches are spread within assemblages (narrow/broad ecological tolerance, or 'filtering') using data for the last 21 ka for 531 eastern North American fossil pollen assemblages. Although climate matching has been strong over the last 21 millennia, mismatch increased in 30% of assemblages during the rapid climate shifts between 14.5 to 10 ka BP. Assemblage matching rebounded towards the present day in 10-20% of assemblages. Climate-assemblage mismatch was greater in tree-dominated and high-latitude assemblages, consistent with persisting populations, slower dispersal rates, and glacial retreat. In contrast, climate matching was greater for assemblages comprising taxa with higher median seed mass. Over half of the assemblages were climatically filtered at any given time, with peak filtering occurring at 8.5 ka BP for nearly 80% of assemblages. Thus, vegetation assemblages have highly variable rates of climate mismatch and filtering over millennial scales. These climate responses can be partially predicted by species' traits and life histories. These findings help constrain predictions for plant community response to contemporary climate change.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.