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Figure 2 from: Krichilsky E, Vega-Hidalgo Á, Hunter K, Kingwell C, Ritner C, Wcislo W, Smith A (2020) The first gynandromorph of the Neotropical bee Megalopta amoena (Spinola, 1853) (Halictidae) with notes on its circadian rhythm. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 75: 97-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.75.47828
Figure 2 Single-plot actogram of four days of activity in dark-dark conditions showing a female, the gynandromorph, and a male M. amoena. Each bar represents the amount of times that the bee crossed the laser in a 15 minute interval. White space indicates lack of activity.
Figure 1 from: Krichilsky E, Vega-Hidalgo Á, Hunter K, Kingwell C, Ritner C, Wcislo W, Smith A (2020) The first gynandromorph of the Neotropical bee Megalopta amoena (Spinola, 1853) (Halictidae) with notes on its circadian rhythm. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 75: 97-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.75.47828
Figure 1 A Frontal view of the head showing the bilateral split between sexes (female left side of image, male right side) B detail of female (left) and male (right) mandibles and labrum, frontal view. Lateral view of the C male and D female genae and mandibles E ventral view of gynandromorph (female left side of image, male right side). Femur, apical spines, and tibia of F male and G female hindlegs H dorsal view of stinger I ventral view of metasoma (female left side of image, male right side). Scale bars: 500 μm.
Figure 5 in Aspects of the activity rhythm and population size of troglophilic mygalomorph spiders (Trechona sp., Dipluridae) in a quartzite cave in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Figure 5. Percentage of Trechona sp. spiders (mean of 10 observations) found active in the twilight zone during dawn and dusk. The hours in the graph corresponds to actual time, without daylight saving time (DST) correction.
Figure 3 in Aspects of the activity rhythm and population size of troglophilic mygalomorph spiders (Trechona sp., Dipluridae) in a quartzite cave in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Figure 3. Percentage of Trechona sp. spiders (mean of 10 observations) found active in the entrance zone during dawn and dusk. The hours in the graph corresponds to actual time, without daylight saving time (DST) correction.
Figure 4 in Aspects of the activity rhythm and population size of troglophilic mygalomorph spiders (Trechona sp., Dipluridae) in a quartzite cave in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Figure 4. Percentage of Trechona sp. spiders (mean of 10 observations) found active in the dark zone during dawn and dusk. The hours in the graph corresponds to actual time, without daylight saving time (DST) correction.
Figure 2 in Aspects of the activity rhythm and population size of troglophilic mygalomorph spiders (Trechona sp., Dipluridae) in a quartzite cave in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Figure 2. Trechona sp. (A) Spider on sheet-web; (B) individual of Trechona sp. at the entrance of the tubular retreat, under a stone; (C) individual of Trechona sp. female; (D) spider positioned on the sheet-web close to tubular retreat.
Figure 1 in Aspects of the activity rhythm and population size of troglophilic mygalomorph spiders (Trechona sp., Dipluridae) in a quartzite cave in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Figure 1. Monte Cristo cave, general view of the entrance zone, arrow showing the access to twilight zone.
Data from: Single-session tDCS over the dominant hemisphere affects contralateral spectral EEG power, but does not enhance neurofeedback-guided event-related desynchronization of the non-dominant hemisphere's sensorimotor rhythm
Background and objective: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and neurofeedback-guided motor imagery (MI) have attracted considerable interest in neurorehabilitation, given their ability to influence neuroplasticity. As tDCS has been shown to modulate event-related desynchronization (ERD), the neural signature of motor imagery detected for neurofeedback, a combination of the techniques was recently proposed. One limitation of this approach is that the area targeted for stimulation is the same from which the signal for neurofeedback is acquired. As tDCS may interfere with proximal electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes, in this study our aim was to test whether contralateral tDCS could have interhemispheric effects on the spectral power of the unstimulated hemisphere, possibly mediated by transcallosal connection, and whether such effects could be used to enhance ERD magnitudes. A contralateral stimulation approach would indeed facilitate co-registration, as the stimulation electrode would be far from the recording sites. Methods: Twenty right-handed healthy volunteers (aged 21 to 32) participated in the study: ten assigned to cathodal, ten to anodal versus sham stimulation. We applied stimulation over the dominant (left) hemisphere, and assessed ERD and spectral power over the non-dominant (right) hemisphere. The effect of tDCS was evaluated over time. Spectral power was assessed in theta, alpha and beta bands, under both rest and MI conditions, while ERD was evaluated in alpha and beta bands. Results: Two main findings emerged: (1) contralateral alpha-ERD was reduced after anodal (p = 0.0147), but not enhanced after cathodal tDCS; (2) both stimulations had remote effects on the spectral power of the contralateral hemisphere, particularly in theta and alpha (significant differences in the topographical t-value maps). Conclusion: The absence of contralateral cathodal ERD enhancement suggests that the protocol is not applicable in the context of MI training. Nevertheless, ERD results of anodal and spectral power results of both stimulations complement recent findings on the distant tDCS effects between functionally related areas.
Data from: Towards large scale automated cage monitoring – Diurnal rhythm and impact of interventions on in-cage activity of C57BL/6J mice recorded 24/7 with a non-disrupting capacitive-based technique
Abstract Background and aims Automated recording of laboratory animal's home cage behavior is receiving increasing attention since such non-intruding surveillance will aid in the unbiased understanding of the normal animal cage behavior potentially improving animal experimental reproducibility. Material and methods Here we investigate activity of group held (5 mice/cage) female C57BL/6J mice (mus musculus) housed in standard Individually Ventilated Cages (IVC cages) across three test-sites: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Rome, Italy), The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, USA) and Karolinska Insititutet (Stockholm, Sweden). Additionally, comparison of female and male C57BL/6J mice was done at KI. Activity was recorded using a capacitive-based sensor placed non-intrusively on the cage rack under the home cage collecting activity data every 250 msec, 24/7. The data collection was analyzed using non-parametric rank-based analysis of variance (nparLD) for longitudinal data comparing sites, weekdays and sex. Results The system detected an increase in activity preceding and peaking around lights-on followed by a decrease to a rest pattern. At lights off, activity increased substantially displaying a distinct temporal variation across this period. We also documented impact on mouse activity that standard animal handling procedures have, e.g. cage-changes, and show that even simple procedures are stressors impacting in-cage activity. These key observations replicated across the three test-sites, however, it is also clear that, apparently minor local environmental differences generate significant behavioral variances between the sites and within sites across weeks. Comparison of gender revealed differences in activity in the response to cage-change lasting for days in male but not female mice; and apparently also impacting the response to other events such as lights-on in males. Females but not males showed a larger tendency for week-to-week variance in activity possibly reflecting estrous cycling. Conclusions These data demonstrate that real-time home cage monitoring is scalable and run in real time, providing complementary information for animal welfare measures, experimental design and phenotype characterization.
Data from: Hearables: feasibility of recording cardiac rhythms from head and in-ear locations
Mobile technologies for the recording of vital signs and neural signals are envisaged to underpin the operation of future health services. For practical purposes, unobtrusive devices are favoured, such as those embedded in a helmet or incorporated onto an earplug. However, these locations have so far been underexplored, as the comparably narrow neck impedes the propagation of vital signals from the torso to the head surface. To establish the principles behind electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings from head and ear locations, we first introduce a realistic three-dimensional biophysics model for the propagation of cardiac electric potentials to the head surface, which demonstrates the feasibility of head-ECG recordings. Next, the proposed biophysics propagation model is verified over comprehensive real-world experiments based on head- and in-ear-ECG measurements. It is shown both that the proposed model is an excellent match for the recordings, and that the quality of head- and ear-ECG is sufficient for a reliable identification of the timing and shape of the characteristic P-, Q-, R-, S- and T-waves within the cardiac cycle. This opens up a range of new possibilities in the identification and management of heart conditions, such as myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, based on 24/7 continuous in-ear measurements. The study therefore paves the way for the incorporation of the cardiac modality into future 'hearables', unobtrusive devices for health monitoring.
Data from: Eyeless Mexican cavefish save energy by eliminating the circadian rhythm in metabolism
The eyed surface form and eyeless cave form of the Mexican tetra Astyanax mexicanus experience stark differences in the daily periodicities of light, food and predation, factors which are likely to have a profound influence on metabolism. We measured the metabolic rate of Pachón cave and surface fish at a fixed swimming speed under light/dark and constant dark photoperiods. In constant darkness surface forms exhibited a circadian rhythm in metabolism with an increase in oxygen demand during the subjective daytime, whereas cave forms did not. The lack of circadian rhythm in metabolism leads to a 27% energy savings for Pachón cave fish compared to surface fish when comparing both forms in their natural photoperiods. When surface forms were tested under constant dark conditions they expended 38% more energy than cave forms under equivalent conditions. Elimination of the circadian rhythm in metabolism may be a general feature of animals that live in perpetually dark food-limited environments such as caves or the deep sea.
Data from: Costs of sleeping in: circadian rhythms influence cuckoldry risk in a songbird
1. Circadian (i.e. daily) regulation of behaviors is thought to provide fitness benefits to organisms by enabling them to anticipate diel changes in the environment, such as sunrise. 2. A common behavior among socially monogamous songbirds that usually takes place in the early mornings is extra-pair mating, i.e. copulating with partners outside of the social pair bond. 3. Thus, variation in when individuals begin their daily activity may influence their reproductive success; early risers may be better able to gain copulations guard their partners thus minimizing their risk of being cuckolded compared to late risers. Sexual selection may thus play an important role in shaping circadian behaviors, but this assumption has yet to be tested in free-living animals. 4. Here we experimentally weakened endogenous circadian rhythmicity and thus anticipation of dawn in male great tits (Parus major) in the wild through the subcutaneous administration of implants filled with melatonin shortly before egg-laying began in this population; melatonin is a hormone released during the dark phase of the day, and is one important cue animals use to entrain their circadian clock. 5. Experimental individuals delayed onset of daily activity compared with controls, and were more likely to be cuckolded compared with control males. Manipulation did not alter other behavioral traits observed; no difference between treatments was observed in activity levels during the day or in the end time of daily activity. 6. These results strongly support the assumption that selection, particularly sexual selection, shapes circadian phenotypes of wild vertebrates which enable anticipation of important and predictive diel changes in an individual's biotic and abiotic environment.
Data from: Daily blood feeding rhythms of laboratory-reared North American Culex pipiens
Background: Blood feeding by free-living insect vectors of disease is rhythmic and can be used to predict when infectious bites will occur. These daily rhythms can also be targeted by control measures, as in insecticide-treated nets. Culex pipiens form pipiens and C.p. f. molestus are two members of the Culex pipiens assemblage and vectors of West Nile Virus throughout North America. Although Culex species vector human pathogens and parasites, the daily blood feeding rhythms of C.p. f. molestus, to our knowledge, have not been studied. We described and compared the daily blood feeding rhythms of three laboratory-reared populations of Culex pipiens, one of which has confirmed molestus ancestry. We also examined the plasticity of blood feeding time for these three populations. Results: For most (>70%) C.p. f. pipiens and C.p. f. molestus collected from metropolitan Chicago, IL, blood feeding took place during scotophase. Peak blood feeding occurred in mid-scotophase, 3-6 hours after lights off. For C.p. f. pipiens originating from Pennsylvania, most mosquitoes (> 90%) blood fed during late photophase and early scotophase. C.p. f. molestus denied a blood meal during scotophase were less likely to blood feed during early photophase (< 20%) than were C.p. f. pipiens from Chicago (> 50%). C.p. f. pipiens from Pennsylvania were capable of feeding readily at any hour of photo- or scotophase. Conclusions: Daily blood feeding rhythms of C.p. f. molestus are similar to those of C.p. f. pipiens, particularly when populations originate from the same geographic region. However, the timing of blood feeding is more flexible for C.p. f. pipiens populations relative to C.p. f. molestus.
TYPES AND MANIFESTATIONS OF RHYTHM IN THE WORK OF ART
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
ECG Rhythm LEAD I
<p>Database adapted from the original German database called PTB-XL, where only data related to normal sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation were filtered.</p>
Understanding how diel and seasonal rhythms affect the movements of a small non-migratory bird
Diel and seasonal rhythms affect an animal's environment and life history. Understanding how these rhythms influence movement increases our knowledge on how animals adjust to changing resources, environmental conditions, and risk to their survival. To better understand how diel and seasonal rhythms affect animals, we evaluated movements of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus); hereafter, bobwhite. Because bobwhite are a small non-migratory species that must cope with daily and seasonal changes in their environment year-around, they are a model species to study how diel and seasonal rhythms influence animal movement of a non-migratory species. Global positioning system data from transmitters attached to bobwhite at four wildlife management sites across Oklahoma were collected during 2019–2021. We parsed the diel data as daytime (7:00–19:00 Central Daylight Savings Time [CDT]) and nighttime (19:00–7:00 CDT), and diurnal (sunrise–sunset) and nocturnal (sunset–sunrise) as well as by astronomical season. We calculated three movement metrics: net displacement (Euclidean distance from the starting fix to the ending fix of a path which encompasses consecutive relocations in a time series of geographic fixes), cumulative distance (sum of all Euclidean distances between each consecutive fix along the path), and hourly movement. We modeled the data using a generalized linear mixed-modeling approach. Across season, model predictions showed that net displacement was highest during spring, and daytime cumulative distance slowly increased as the year progressed. Bobwhite had two movement peaks during the diurnal period, one during 9:00–10:00 and the other during 17:00–20:00 depending on the season. Despite being diurnal, bobwhite occasionally made nocturnal movements, likely in response to a disturbance by a predator, inclement weather, or energetic demands. Movement peaks during the diurnal period may reflect changes in behavior in response to energy requirements, predator risk, and changes in air temperature. Life history events, likely cause seasonal differences in movement. This study furthers our understanding on how animals move daily and seasonally suggesting the importance of analyzing movement across the entire year because animals move differently across the day and year.
Figure 6 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 6 - Stygobromus allegheniensis has continuous light avoidance behavior which does not appear to follow circadian rhythmicity. White boxes indicate illuminated conditions.
Figure 3 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 3 - Variability in motor rhythms while in continuous darkness in three Ice Cave individuals (A–C) and four Clarksville Cave individuals (D–G) tested in the laboratory. Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness.
Figure 2 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 2 - Experimental protocol and representative motor rhythms of one individual. Ice Cave individuals were subjected in the laboratory to the following conditions: Five half-cycles of darkness, followed by two cycles of light/dark during normal day/night schedules, followed by two cycles of dark/light during reverse day/night schedules, followed by a half-cycle of darkness. Black boxes indicate dark conditions while white boxes represent illuminated conditions. Movements were evaluated for each 10-minute period.
Figure 7 from: Espinasa L, Collins E, Finocchiaro A, Kopp J, Robinson J, Rutkowski J (2016) Incipient regressive evolution of the circadian rhythms of a cave amphipod. Subterranean Biology 20: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10010
Figure 7 - Specimens from Clarksville Cave (A–C) and the Ice Cave (D–F) studied in the natural environment of the cave. Under continuous darkness, most specimens had periods of activity with no clear indication of periodicity. Only in one of them (E) there was an apparent 12 hour rest period. Black boxes indicate periods while in darkness.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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