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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Epizoic Anthoathecate Species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) Growing on Eroded Shells of Live Gastropods (Nassarius festivus) in Japan

Fig. 2. Nassarius festivus collected from Torinosu, Shirahama, Wakayama Pref., showing erosion of older shells. A–B. fresh shells; C–E. old eroded shells. Scale=5 mm.

opencc-by-4.0May 2007View details →

Fig. 1 in Shell Availability And Use By The Hermit Crab Clibanarius Virescens Along The Eastern Cape Coast, South Africa

Fig. 1. Species of gastropods and percentage of shells occupied by C. virescens at three different study sites: Dwesa (n = 235), Nqabara (n= 347) and Mendwana (n = 273) based on 20 quadrat sam-

Fig. 2 in Chlorophyll-a and Suspended Inorganic Material Affecting the Shell Traits of Testate Amoebae Community

Fig. 2. Ordination results of the non-metric multidimensional scaling to combination between environments and testate amoeba species. Symbols represent the environments with lower (EL), intermediate (EI), and higher (EH) concentration of inorganic suspended material. Species: Cyp – Cyphoderia cf. ampulla, Eu – Euglypha acanthophora, Lm – Lesquereusia mimetica, Lt – L. modesta, Lu – L. modesta var. caudata, Lo – L. ovalis, Ls – L. spiralis, Lh – L. spiralis var. hirsuta, Lc – L. spiralis var. caudata, No – Netzelia oviformis, Nt – N. tuberculata, Nw – N. wailesi, He – Heleopera petricola, Ne – Nebela penardiana, Phr – Phryganella hemisphaerica, Ho – Hoogenraadia criptostoma, Pl – Plagiopyxis callida, Cyc – Cyclopyxis kahli, Tr – Trinema lineare. Arcellidae species (As), Centropyxidae species (Cs), and Difflugiidae species (Ds) were grouped to more easily identify the relationships between species and environments.

Fig. 7 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters

Fig. 7. Histograms depicting distribution of data for characters analyzed in this study. The black lines represent density curves that fit our data. Aperture height (ah), test diameter (td) and test top diameter (ttd) present a distribution similar to a bimodal distribution, while all the other characters show a nearly normal distribution. Characters tb2 and bw2 are not shown since they are equal to tb1 and bw1, respectively.

Fig. 2 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters

Fig. 2. Lateral view of six individuals of Arcella gandalfi. A and B – individuals with highest shell, top invagination is easily seen; C and D – individuals with intermediate shell height, top invagination easily seen; E and F – individuals with lowest shell height. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 1 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters

Fig. 1. Representation of measured characters. A – Arcella gandalfi in lateral view, showing aperture height (ah), test height (th), test top invagination (tti) and test top diameter (ttd). B – Arcella gandalfi in apertural view, showing the test diameter (td), aperture diameter (ad), test border 1–2 (tb1–2) and brim width 1–2 (bw1–2).

Fig. 6 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters

Fig. 6. Morphology of Arcella gandalfi under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A and B – lateral view showing the aperture region; C – shell detail showing elongated shape of the alveolar units on the conical extension of the shell. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 5 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters

Fig. 5. Representative images of an Arcella brasiliensis individual. A – apertural view, showing the distinct marginal ring (test brim); B – lateral view showing the rounded dome. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 4 in Morphological and Morphometric Description of a Novel Shelled Amoeba Arcella gandalfi sp.nov. (Amoebozoa:Arcellinida) fromBrazilianContinental Waters

Fig. 4. Apertural view of two individuals of Arcella gandalfi. A and B – distinct marginal ring (test brim) similar to Arcella brasiliensis easily seen. Scale bar: 20 µm.

FIGURE 12 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 12. Simulated Nautilus data plotted alongside live Nautilus behavior data from Niel and Askew (2018).

FIGURE 8 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 8. Plot of the coefficient of drag versus Reynolds number for each of the 10 morphotypes in this study. Drag coefficient and Reynolds number were calculated following the equations of Jacobs (1992). Only shells that had a uniform diameter of approx. 5 cm from aperture to venter are shown.

FIGURE 7 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 7. Plot of drag force versus velocity for each of the 10 different morphotypes used in this study. Only shells that had a uniform diameter of approx. 5 cm from aperture to venter are shown.

FIGURE 5 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 5. Coefficient of drag results from Scheme 1 (green) and Scheme 3 (blue) plotted against Re compared against the data from Jacobs (1992; black). Comparisons shown are for Sphenodiscus (left) and Oppelia (right).

FIGURE 3 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 3. An illustration of the computational domain of the simulation. The model target (an ammonoid in this case) is shown as a circle. Each arrow indicates a distance from the shell to a target face of the computational domain. These arrows represent the straight-line distance between the nearest edge of the shell (not the shell's midpoint) and the corresponding wall as per the methods of Shiino, Kuwazuru, and Yoshikawa (2009). Dimensions in the figured example correspond to those of Scheme 3 (see Table 1)

FIGURE 4 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 4. Hemisphere simulation data plotted as velocity versus % difference from the literature baseline (Blevins 1984). Velocities shown are within a range in which the drag coefficient of a hemisphere is relatively stable around a value of 1.17 (Blevins, 1984). The drag values used to derive this plot are given in Appendix 3.

FIGURE 1 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 1. An outline of the workflow from model creation to completed simulation. Boxes are colored based on the general process they are included in: Case generation (blue), Mesh generation (purple), and numerical set-up (green). Two tracks are shown for case generation: one in which a model is created in blender from measurement data (below the dotted line) and the other where the model is created using a Structure from Motion technique such as laser scanning or photogrammetry (above the dotted line). Software used in each process is noted in "()" outside its respective step.

FIGURE 11 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 11. Plots of pressure overlain with water velocity vectors for the Serpenticone and Oxycone shells at both 15 cm/s (A) and 5 cm/s (B) inlet velocities. At 15 cm/s the flow around the Serpenticone shell is more chaotic and there is a buildup of pressure at around the trailing coils compared to the Oxycone shell. This difference mostly disappears at 5 cm/s.

FIGURE 9 in Computational fluid dynamics modeling of fossil ammonoid shells

FIGURE 9. Water velocity around the Sphenodiscus shell at inlet velocities of 15 cm/s (A) and 5 cm/s (B). Areas of slow water velocity caused by viscous interactions are larger to the sides and immediately behind the shell at the lower velocity because water is less readily shed.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2013View details →

Рис. 1. Номенклатура и условные обоЗначениЯ морфоструктур Замочной плоЩадки личиночных венерид (A, B; по Rees, 1950, с иЗменениЯми), ювенильных Turtonia minuta (С) и вЗрослых венерид Tapetinae (D): a, a0 – передний Зуб правой створки (RV); b, b0 – Задний Зуб RV; c, c0 – передний Зуб левой створки (LV); d, d0 – Задний Зуб LV; lc – лигаментнаЯ Ямка центрального расположениЯ; lp – лигаментнаЯ Ямка Заднего расположениЯ; L1 – передне-вентральный латеральный Зуб RV; L2 – передний латеральный Зуб LV; L3 – передне-дорсальный латеральный Зуб RV; n – нимфа вторичного лигамента;:a – Ямка Зуба переднего Зуба RV;:c – Ямка переднего Зуба LV; 1 – вентральный кардинальный Зуб RV; 2a – переднЯЯ часть кардинального Зуба 2 LV; 2b – ЗаднЯЯ часть кардинального Зуба 2 LV; 3а – переднЯЯ часть кардинального Зуба 3 RV; 3b – ЗаднЯЯ часть кардинального Зуба 3 RV; 4 – Задний кардинальный Зуб LV;:4 – Ямка Заднего кардинального Зуба LV. in Larval, juvenile and adult Turtonia minuta (Bivalvia: Turtoniidae) and comparative shell morphology of the veneroid and venerid taxa from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan

Рис. 1. Номенклатура и условные обоЗначениЯ морфоструктур Замочной плоЩадки личиночных венерид (A, B; по Rees, 1950, с иЗменениЯми), ювенильных Turtonia minuta (С) и вЗрослых венерид Tapetinae (D): a, a0 – передний Зуб правой створки (RV); b, b0 – Задний Зуб RV; c, c0 – передний Зуб левой створки (LV); d, d0 – Задний Зуб LV; lc – лигаментнаЯ Ямка центрального расположениЯ; lp – лигаментнаЯ Ямка Заднего расположениЯ; L1 – передне-вентральный латеральный Зуб RV; L2 – передний латеральный Зуб LV; L3 – передне-дорсальный латеральный Зуб RV; n – нимфа вторичного лигамента;:a – Ямка Зуба переднего Зуба RV;:c – Ямка переднего Зуба LV; 1 – вентральный кардинальный Зуб RV; 2a – переднЯЯ часть кардинального Зуба 2 LV; 2b – ЗаднЯЯ часть кардинального Зуба 2 LV; 3а – переднЯЯ часть кардинального Зуба 3 RV; 3b – ЗаднЯЯ часть кардинального Зуба 3 RV; 4 – Задний кардинальный Зуб LV;:4 – Ямка Заднего кардинального Зуба LV.