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opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

Fig. 6 in Description of the male and the larva of IxodES CollarIS Hornok, 2016 with drawings of all stages

Fig. 6 Ventral views of larvae of Ixodes vespertilionis (a, gnathosoma; c, habitus) and I. collaris (b, gnathosoma; d, habitus). The black and red broken lines illustrate the angle of the caudolateral edge of the gnathosoma. The yellow arrow marks the "collar". The purple and red arrows mark the medial edge of coxa I

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2019View details →

Fig. 1 in Description of the male and the larva of IxodES CollarIS Hornok, 2016 with drawings of all stages

Fig. 1 Dorsal views of male Ixodes vespertilionis (a, habitus; c, gnathosoma) and I. collaris (b, habitus; d, gnathosoma)

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Chronic wasting disease alters the movement behavior and habitat use of mule deer during clinical stages of infection

Integrating host movement and pathogen data is a central issue in wildlife disease ecology that will allow for a better understanding of disease transmission. We examined how adult female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) responded behaviorally to infection with chronic wasting disease (CWD). We compared movement and habitat use of CWD-infected deer (n = 18) to those that succumbed to starvation (and were CWD-negative by ELISA and IHC; n = 8) and others in which CWD was not detected (n = 111, including animals that survived the duration of the study) using GPS collar data from two distinct populations collared in central Wyoming, USA during 2018–2022. CWD and predation were the leading causes of mortality during our study (32 of 91 deaths attributed to CWD and 27 of 91 deaths attributed to predation). Deer infected with CWD moved slower and used lower elevation areas closer to rivers in the months preceding death compared with uninfected deer that did not succumb to starvation. Although CWD-infected deer and those that died of starvation moved at similar speeds during the final months of life, CWD-infected deer used areas closer to streams with less herbaceous biomass than deer that died of starvation. These behavioral differences may allow for the development of predictive models of disease status from movement data, which will be useful to supplement field and laboratory diagnostics or when mortalities cannot be quickly retrieved to assess cause-specific mortality. Furthermore, identifying individuals that are sick before predation events could help to assess the extent to which disease mortality is compensatory with predation. Finally, infected animals began to slow down around four months prior to death from CWD. Our approach for detecting the timing of infection-induced shifts in movement behavior may be useful in application to other disease systems to better understand the response of wildlife to infectious disease.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

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Data from: The scope and adaptive value of modulating aggression across breeding stages: Case study in a competitive female songbird

In seasonally breeding animals, costs and benefits of territorial aggression should vary over time; however, little work thus far has directly examined the scope and adaptive value of individual-level plasticity in aggression across breeding stages. We explore these issues using the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), a bird species in which females compete for limited nesting sites before producing a single brood. We measured the aggressiveness of nearly 100 females within three different stages: (1) shortly after territory-establishment, (2) during early incubation, and (3) while caring for young chicks. We used k-means clustering to categorize females into four distinct plasticity 'types' based on the timing, direction, and magnitude of their changes in aggression between stages. We then tested whether plasticity type and stage-specific aggression vary with key performance metrics. Two of the four plasticity types became less aggressive across consecutive breeding stages, consistent with population-level patterns, though these plasticity types largely did not differ from one another in survival or reproductive success. A third type was characterized by high levels of among-stage plasticity; these females, had significantly lower body mass while parenting, tended to hatch fewer eggs, and had the lowest observed overwinter survival rates. A final type exhibited limited plasticity, with moderate to low levels of aggression in all stages; this low plasticity - low aggression phenotype was not associated with any negative effects to performance. These results reveal substantial among-individual variation in behavioral plasticity, which may reflect diverse solutions to trade-offs between current reproduction and future survival.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Figure 8 in The introduction of Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population

Figure 8. Variation of environmental variables on the impacted stream of Vila do Abrãao. For rainfall was used the data from the city of Rio de Janeiro. A – water temperature, B – pH, C – conductivity, D – water deep, and E – rainfall.

Figure 7 in The introduction of Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population

Figure 7. Population variation of Physa acuta, divided in size class, through the time in Ilha Grande. Feb = February, Apr = April, Jun = June, Sep = September, Nov = November.

Figure 3 in The introduction of Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population

Figure 3. Variation of the abundance of Physa acuta in the eight collecting stations (CS) that was established on an impacted stream of Ilha Grande, along the monitoring time.

Figure 6 in The introduction of Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population

Figure 6. The overall size class of Physa acuta representation found on the population of Ilha Grande.

Figure 1 in The introduction of Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population

Figure 1. Map of the Vila do Abraão (Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro), highlighting the studied stream (blue line) and the eight collecting stations (CS; red dots).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE SPORTS IN RUSSIA AT THE PRESENT STAGE

This article examines the implementation of a common strategy and standards in the field of sport development, where fair and equal competition between athletes is necessary, which is important for preserving reputation and fairness in the sport environment, as well as protecting the health of athletes. Increasing transparency and ethics in sport contributes to its development and attractiveness for both participants and spectators. The formation of the sports industry through integration and joint sports events plays a key role not only in changing the economic situation in Russia, but also in improving relations between countries and popularizing sports as a means of maintaining health and friendship.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Figure 1 in Sensitivity to salinity at the emergence and seedling stages of barnyardgrass (EchinochloQ crus-gQlli), weedy rice (OryzQ sQtivQ), and rice with different tolerances to ALS-inhibiting herbicides

Figure 1. Dose–response emergence curve with the average data points of the different Echinochloa crus-galli populations against the salt concentration. Curve parameter estimates (Equation 1): s1 (b = 1.94, d = 55.85, e = 287.76), s2 (b = 1.52, d = 89.91, e = 222.71), s3 (b = 1.13, d = 89.91, e = 282.58), r1(b = 3.96, d = 67.67, e = 196.55), r2 (b = 6.85, d = 94.64, e = 123.58). The salt concentration required to reduce emergence by 50% (EC50) is shown below the graph. Only the significant pairwise comparisons between EC50 (SI index) are shown (Equation 2).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Figure 2 in Sensitivity to salinity at the emergence and seedling stages of barnyardgrass (EchinochloQ crus-gQlli), weedy rice (OryzQ sQtivQ), and rice with different tolerances to ALS-inhibiting herbicides

Figure 2. Dose–response emergence curve with the average data points of the different Oryza sativa (weedy rice) populations and rice varieties against the salt concentration. Curve parameter estimates (Equation 1): wr1 (b = 9.40, d = 87.14, e = 195.80), wr2 (b = 9.40, d = 87.14, e = 160.19), wr3 (b = 8.49, d = 89.73, e = 173.01), Baldo (b = 4.81, d = 87.12, e = 146.49), CL80 (b = 3.08, d = 60.89, e = 140.04). The salt concentration required to reduce the emergence by 50% (EC50) and the significant pairwise comparisons between EC50 (SI index) are shown below the graph (Equation 2).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Figure 3 in Effect of Vicia sativa L. on Motility, Mortality and Expression Levels of hsp Genes in J2 Stage of Meloidogyne hapla

Figure 3: Influence of Vicia sativa cv. Ina diffusate treatment on Hsp gene expression in Meloidogyne Hapla J2 stage. Each value represents the mean ± s.d. of three biological replicates. The expression levels are indicated as the fold-change normalized to the control (untreated diffusate), normalized to the value of 1 (dashed line). Values were expressed as the mean fold difference, and statistically significant differences between treated and control samples are shown; *p≤0.01 based on t-Student test.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Figure 2 in Effect of Vicia sativa L. on Motility, Mortality and Expression Levels of hsp Genes in J2 Stage of Meloidogyne hapla

Figure 2: Distribution of 36 combinations of temperatures, cultivars, and variants in the space of the first two canonical variables.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Effect of Vicia sativa L. on Motility, Mortality and Expression Levels of hsp Genes in J2 Stage of Meloidogyne hapla

Figure 1: Dendrogram of the nearest neighbour cluster grouping of combinations of temperature, cultivars, and variants on the basis of four traits.

Figure 4 in Skeletochronology in long tubular bones of the Javan water monitor lizard, Varanus salvator bivittatus in the juvenile stage (Lacertilia: Varanidae)

Figure 4. Cross sections of the diaphysis fibula bone in four individuals with SVLs between 14.4 cm to 25.0 cm. Dotted arrow: endosteal bone; black solid arrow: LAG; red solid arrow: resorption line (RL); yellow solid arrow: additional resting Line (AdL). The scale bar is equal to 200 m.

Figure 1 in Skeletochronology in long tubular bones of the Javan water monitor lizard, Varanus salvator bivittatus in the juvenile stage (Lacertilia: Varanidae)

Figure 1. Measurement of bone cross section. d: the longest part of the marrow cavity; D: the longest part of the bone diameter; MP: the widest point of bone thickness.

Figure 3 in Skeletochronology in long tubular bones of the Javan water monitor lizard, Varanus salvator bivittatus in the juvenile stage (Lacertilia: Varanidae)

Figure 3. Cross section of the seven long tubular bones of a juvenile female Varanus salvator bivittatus with one LAG (SVL: 22.2 cm). MC: marrow cavity; dotted arrow: endosteal bone; red solid arrow: LAG.

Figure 2 in Skeletochronology in long tubular bones of the Javan water monitor lizard, Varanus salvator bivittatus in the juvenile stage (Lacertilia: Varanidae)

Figure 2. Cross section of the seven long tubular bones of juvenile male Varanus salvator bivittatus with zero LAG (SVL: 14.4 cm). MC: marrow cavity; dotted arrow: endosteal bone.