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FIGURE 1. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans

FIGURE 1. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, photographs of fragments of bleached colonies. A, colony with relatively narrow, bifurcating and anastomosing branches, NHMUK 72.8.6.5, Natal; B, fragment of specimen figured by Busk (1875, pl. 31, fig. 6), NHMUK 75.5.29.63, Natal; C, flabellate colony morphotype with delayed separation of bifurcating branches, NHMUK 2003.10.27.13, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay. Scale bars: A, C: 5 mm; B: 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs showing skeletal morphology. A–C, SAM A28766 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans

FIGURE 3. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs showing skeletal morphology. A–C, SAM A28766, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth. A, transverse series of autozooidal apertures separated by smaller kenozooidal apertures on left frontolateral branch surface with exterior wall of branch dorsal surface visible in lower left; B, detail of apertures showing spines; C, spine developed at triple junction between three interzooidal walls which have an ultrastructural fabric of transverse fibres (right). D, E, SAM A28765, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth. D, transition from free-walled (left) to fixed-walled organization (right); E, enlargement showing sheet-like exterior wall (arrowed) covering kenozooidal apertures. F, NHMUK 2003.10.27.7, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay, rows of autozooidal apertures separated by exterior wall calcification in fixed-walled branch. G, H, NHMUK 2003.10.27.13, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay. G, development of exterior wall calcification, at varying levels relative to vertical interzooidal walls, over kenozooids and most of the autozooids (apart from 5 apertures which remain open); H, lobes of exterior wall calcification extending between autozooidal series. I–L. NHMUK 34.10.20.4, Port Elizabeth. I, apertures closed by exterior wall calcification, one occluded autozooid having a small central dimple; note apertural spines standing up above level of exterior walls (top right); J, gonozooid with broken brood chamber roof; K, lobate brood chamber roof (left) with denser pseudopores than exterior walls covering kenozooids (lower right); L, detail of pseudopores from brood chamber roof, some partly closed by spines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H: 500 µm; B, E: 100 µm; C, L: 20 µm; F, I, K: 200 µm; J: 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans

FIGURE 2. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs of distal branches showing variations in skeletal organization. A, branch comprising entirely free-walled zooids, SAM A28766, RIY Banks, Port Elizabeth; B, branch with freewalled organization distally but becoming fixed-walled at level of arrow by development of calcified exterior over the kenozooidal apertures, SAM A28765, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth; C, branch comprising entirely fixed-walled zooids, NHMUK 2003.10.27.7, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay. Scale bars: A, B: 1 mm; C: 500 µm.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans

FIGURE 5. Combined ssrDNA and lsrDNA molecular tree showing the phylogenetic position of Tennysonia stellata (narrow- and broad-branched morphs) within the cyclostome bryozoans. Traditional, morphologically based suborders are given on the right.

FIGURES 4–7 in Systematic position of the monotypic Azorean genus Falbouria Dyte with notes on the definition of Chrysotus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

FIGURES 4–7. Falbouria acorensis (Parent). 4–5, male hypopygium: 4, left lateral. 5, ventral. 6–7, female oviscapt: 6, dorsal. 7, lateral. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 1–3 in Systematic position of the monotypic Azorean genus Falbouria Dyte with notes on the definition of Chrysotus Meigen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

FIGURES 1–3. Falbouria acorensis (Parent). 1, male habitus. 2–3, wings: 2, male. 3, female. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 5–9 in Systematic position of Australian genus Palaeoscydmaenus Franz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 5–9. Diagnostic characters of Scydmaenini (5, 7, 8) and Cyrtoscydmini (6, 9). Prothorax in ventral view (5, 6) and posterior part of metaventrite (7–9) of Scydmaenus (s. str.) tarsatus (5, 7), Scydmaenus (Parallomicrus) rufus (8) and Stenichnus (s. str.) collaris (6, 9). Abbreviations: aes3—metanepisternum; bs—basisternum; cc—procoxal cavity; cs—procoxal socket; cx3—metacoxa; hg—hypomeral groove; hy—hypomeron; nss—pronotosternal suture; ps—prosternum; tr3—metatrochanter; v3—metaventrite. Arrow shows rudimentary pronotosternal suture.

FIGURES 1–4 in Systematic position of Australian genus Palaeoscydmaenus Franz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 1–4. Diagnostic characters of Scydmaenini (1, 3) and Cyrtoscydmini (2, 4). Distal part of maxillary palp (1, 2) and proximal part of antenna (3, 4) of Scydmaenus (s. str.) tarsatus (1, 3) and Stenichnus (s. str.) collaris (2, 4). Abbreviations: mxp3–4—maxillary palpomere 3–4; pd—pedicel; sc—scape.

FIGURES 20–21 in Systematic position of Australian genus Palaeoscydmaenus Franz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 20–21. Ant Pachycondyla lutea collected together with the holotype of Palaeoscydmaenus australiensis. Lateral habitus (20) and head in frontal view (21).

FIGURES 10–12 in Systematic position of Australian genus Palaeoscydmaenus Franz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 10–12. Holotype male of Palaeoscydmaenus australiensis. Dorsal habitus (10), simplified ventral habitus (11) and original set of labels (12).

FIGURES 13–17 in Systematic position of Australian genus Palaeoscydmaenus Franz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

FIGURES 13–17. Holotype male of Palaeoscydmaenus australiensis. Head in dorsal (13) and ventral (14) views; right antenna in dorsal view (15); prothorax in ventral view (16); and pterothorax in ventral view (17). Abbreviations: ai—asetose impression; ar—anterior ridge; bs—basistipes; cc—procoxal cavity; cd—cardo; cl—clypeus; cs—procoxal socket; fr—frons; gal—galea; gen—gena; gp—gular plate; h—hypostoma; hr—hypostomal ridge; hy—hypomeron; lac—lacinia; lp2–3—labial palpomere 2–3; mcc—mesocoxal cavity; mcp—mesocoxal projection; mcs—mesocoxal socket; md—mandible; mfa—metafurcal arm; mn—mentum; mxp1–4—maxillary palpomere 1–4; nr—neck region; nss—pronotosternal suture; occ—occipital constriction; pfa—profurcal arm; pl—posterior lobe; pre—prepectus; ps—prosternum; smn—submentum; tm—temple; v—vertex; v2—mesoventrite; v3—metaventrite; vp2—mesoventral intercoxal process; vp3—metaventral intercoxal process.

FIGURE 56 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURE 56. One of six equally most parsimonious trees. Numbers below black or white rectangles indicate character number corresponding to data matrix. Black rectangles: non-homoplastic apomorphies, white rectangles: homoplastic apomorphies, diagonal rectangles: reversal.

FIGURE 55 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURE 55. Strict consensus of six equally most parsimonious trees (L = 30, CI = 0.67, RI = 0.78) generated from an analysis of 18 morphological characters.

FIGURES 41–46, 41–43 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURES 41–46, 41–43. Male postabdomen of Pexopsis pilosa Mesnil (Hokkaido, Japan). 41. Epandrium, cerci and surstylus in lateral view. 42. Same in dorsal view (setae omitted on left side). 43. Hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite and phallus in lateral view. 44–46. Male postabdomen of Gonia chinensis (Wiedemann) (Hokkaido, Japan). 44. Epandrium, cerci and surstylus in lateral view. 45. Same in dorsal view (setae omitted on left side). 46. Hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite and phallus in lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 32–34 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURES 32–34. Male postabdomen of Cyzenis sp. (Hokkaido, Japan). 32. Epandrium, cerci and surstylus in lateral view. 33. Same in dorsal view (setae omitted on left side). 34. Hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite and phallus in lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 26–31. 26–28 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURES 26–31. 26–28. Male postabdomen of B. japonica Mesnil (Hokkaido, Japan). 26. Epandrium, cerci and surstylus in lateral view. 27. Same in dorsal view (setae omitted on left side). 28. Hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite and phallus in lateral view. 29–31. Male postabdomen of B. subalpina Villeneuve (Germany). 29. Epandrium, cerci and surstylus in lateral view. 30. Same in dorsal view (setae omitted on left side). 31. Hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite and phallus in lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 22–25 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURES 22–25. Male and female postabdomen of Botria frontosa (Meigen) (Saitama, Japan). 22. Epandrium, cerci and surstylus in lateral view. 23. Same in dorsal view (setae omitted on left side). 24. Hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite and phallus in lateral view. 25. Female postabdomen in lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 16–18 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURES 16–18. Male postabdomen of P. tenuiforceps sp. nov. (paratype). 16. Epandrium, cerci and surstylus in lateral view. 17. Same in dorsal view (setae omitted on left side). 18. Hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite and phallus in lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 47–54 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURES 47–54. Microtype eggs showing dorsal chorion in dorsal view. 47. Botria japonica (Hokkaido, Japan). 48. Phryno katoi (Iwate, Japan). 49. Cyzenis sp. (Hokkaido, Japan). 50. Sericozenillia albipila (Tokyo, Japan). 51. Allophorocera rutila (Saitama, Japan). 52. Calozenillia tamara (Hokkaido, Japan). 53. Gonia chinensis (Hokkaido, Japan). 54. Pales pavida (Hokkaido, Japan). Scale bars = 50 μm.

FIGURES 13–15 in Systematic study of the genera Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy and Botria Rondani in the Palearctic Region, with discussions of their phylogenetic positions (Diptera, Tachinidae)

FIGURES 13–15. Male postabdomen of P. nepalensis sp. nov. (holotype).13. Epandrium, cerci and surstylus in lateral view. 14. Same in dorsal view (setae omitted on left side). 15. Hypandrium, pregonite, postgonite and phallus in lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.