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9,882 results for “Scale”
Time scales of ecosystem impacts and recovery under individual and serial invasions
<p>Introductions of keystone or engineering species have complex and long-term impacts on multiple ecosystem features. Anticipating these consequences requires knowledge of the magnitude and pace of a species' impacts and whether they subside as resident species and communities adapt. Managing for the effects of invasive species is particularly complicated by a paucity of long-term ecosystem studies, the fact that invaders can represent novel ecological types, and as serial invasions by new species mediate the impacts of an original invader. We resolve the impacts of quagga (<em>Dreissena rostriformis bugensis</em>) and zebra mussels (<em>D. polymorpha</em>), two of the most widespread species that increasingly co-invade and re-engineer energy flows in freshwater ecosystems. Following many-decade time series and seven ecosystem features, we find remarkably similar ecosystem responses to mussel invasion across seven lakes in Europe and North America. Lakes invaded by zebra mussels only experienced the most severe changes within 5-10 years of invasion, followed by a partial recovery of several key ecosystem features. However, recovery disappeared, and initial impacts amplified in lakes where subsequent, serial invasions by quagga mussels competitively displaced zebra mussels. Our results suggest that the impact of quagga is stronger per unit biomass due to their greater effects on phytoplankton during spring and fall. Thus, we show that the effects of species introductions on many lake ecosystem features can manifest quickly and partially subside, except when multiple species invade a system.</p>
Amos: A large-scale abdominal multi-organ benchmark for versatile medical image segmentation (Unlabeled Data Part II)
<p>Despite the considerable progress in automatic abdominal multi-organ segmentation from CT/MRI scans in recent years, a comprehensive evaluation of the models' capabilities is hampered by the lack of a large-scale benchmark from diverse clinical scenarios. Constraint by the high cost of collecting and labeling 3D medical data, most of the deep learning models to date are driven by datasets with a limited number of organs of interest or samples, which still limits the power of modern deep models and makes it difficult to provide a fully comprehensive and fair estimate of various methods. To mitigate the limitations, we present AMOS, a large-scale, diverse, clinical dataset for abdominal organ segmentation. AMOS provides 500 CT and 100 MRI scans collected from multi-center, multi-vendor, multi-modality, multi-phase, multi-disease patients, each with voxel-level annotations of 15 abdominal organs, providing challenging examples and test-bed for studying robust segmentation algorithms under diverse targets and scenarios. We further benchmark several state-of-the-art medical segmentation models to evaluate the status of the existing methods on this new challenging dataset. We have made our datasets, benchmark servers, and baselines publicly available, and hope to inspire future research. The paper can be found at https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.08023.pdf</p> <p>In addition to providing the labeled 600 CT and MRI scans, we expect to provide 2000 CT and 1200 MRI scans without labels to support more learning tasks (semi-supervised, un-supervised, domain adaption, ...). The link can be found in:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/deposit/7262581">labeled data (500CT+100MRI)</a></li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7262757#.Y2iSQ9JBwYs">unlabeled data Part I (900CT)</a></li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7295661#.Y2iR_9JBwYs">unlabeled data Part II (1100CT)</a> (Now there are 1000CT, we will replenish to 1100CT)</li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7295816">unlabeled data Part III (1200MRI)</a></li> </ul> <p>if you found this dataset useful for your research, please cite:</p> <blockquote> <pre>@article{ji2022amos, title={AMOS: A Large-Scale Abdominal Multi-Organ Benchmark for Versatile Medical Image Segmentation}, author={Ji, Yuanfeng and Bai, Haotian and Yang, Jie and Ge, Chongjian and Zhu, Ye and Zhang, Ruimao and Li, Zhen and Zhang, Lingyan and Ma, Wanling and Wan, Xiang and others}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.08023}, year={2022} </pre> </blockquote>
Figure 64. Naphrys. 1, Male N in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 64. Naphrys. 1, Male N. pulex from Greenville County, South Carolina, 12 MAY 2022. 2, Female N. pulex from Greenville County, South Carolina, 4 JUN 2021. 3-4, Scales from carapace (3) and opisthosoma (4) of a female N. pulex. 5-8, Camera lucida drawings of scales from the opisthosoma of three Naphrys species. Attribution and ©: 3-4, Dimitri V. Logunov.
Figure 37 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 37. Female Paraphidippus aurantius (Lucas 1833), Oklahoma. 3-4, Detail of scales on the carapace (3) and dorsal opisthosoma (4). Both the white, pigmented scales (4) and the iridescent green-to-violet scales are similar in size and shape (lanceolate). Attribution and ©: 1-4, Thomas Shahan.
Figure 36 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 36. Carapace scales of Hentzia sp., Tolland County, Connecticut (13 OCT 2014). 1, view of carapace, showing distribution of white and orange pigmented scales. 2, Detailed view. All scales are three-shafted. The orange scales may be narrower, but some scales are also intermediate in color. Attribution and ©: 1-2, Macroscopic Solutions.
Figure 38 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 38. Camera lucida drawings of opisthosomal scales for some dendryphantine salticids from North America.
Figure 32 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 32. SEM, scales from carapace (1) and opisthosoma (2) of a female Mendoza canestrinii. Attribution
Figure 33 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 33. Scales of female Platycryptus californicus (Peckham & Peckham 1888). 1, Dorsal view of female from Mineral County, Montana (28 JUL 2022). This species, closely related to P. undatus (Figure 13), lives under loose bark in nature but is also commonly found on man-made structures. 2-4, SEM, scales of the dorsal opisthosoma of a female from Corvallis, Oregon, 1974. All scales are keeled, the lighter-colored ones wider (class 6), the darker ones narrow and bladelike (class 7). Attribution and ©: 1, Kristi DuBois.
Figure 29 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 29. Representative marpissines. Attribution and ©: 1, IQsis Meri Medri; 4, Felix Riegel; 5, OQscar Mendez; 6, spidereyes 2020; 7, Ryzhkov Oleg; 8, giorege1959.
Figure 28. Neon. 1 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 28. Neon. 1, Male Neon sp. 2, SEM, setiform scales on opisthosoma of female N. minutus ZOabka 1985. 3, SEM, setiform scales on carapace of female N. reticulatus (Blackwall 1853). 4-5, SEM, setiform scales on carapace (4) and opisthosoma (5) of female N. sumatranus Logunov 1998. Attribution and ©: 1, OQscar Mendez; 2-5, Dimitri V. Logunov.
Figure 27. Mymarachne formicaria. 1-2 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 27. Mymarachne formicaria. 1-2, Male and female. 3-4, SEM, setiform scales on carapace (3) and opisthosoma (4) of female. Attribution and ©: 1, Pierre Bornand; 2, spidereyes, 3-4, Dimitri V. Logunov.
Figure 23 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 23. SEM, brushy scales, carapace of a female Lyssomanes viridis. Attribution and ©: 1-2, Dimitri V. Logunov.
Figure 21 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 21. Fossil salticid (HCBA7 in D. E. Hill collection; see Hill & Edwards 2013) embedded in Baltic Amber collected at Palanga near the Baltic Sea. 1, Note the large PME on the side of the carapace. 2, Detail of inset from (1). Note the specialized scales that surround the AME. 3, Detail of inset from (2), showing long pinnate scales that are keeled (class 6 or 7), much like Platycryptus (Figure 33). As shown in Figure 2, these are thought to represent a more primitive grade of pigmented scale, but one that is still found in many species.
Figure 17 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 17. Representative chrysillines. Many members of this primarily Afroeurasian group, and particularly those that occur in tropical Asia, have brilliant iridescent scales on both the carapace and opisthosoma, often arranged in transverse bands. African genera, to include Mexcala (5) and Natta (see Hill 2009a), tend to be more subdued in coloration. Attribution and ©: 1, 11, Roman Prokhorov; 2, Girish Gowda; 3, Daniel Kurek; 4, Felix Riegel; 5, Thomas Shahan; 6, Kit Law; 7, Harshith JV; 8, Richard Ong; 9, hollythefrog; 10, Ben Tsai.
Figure 16 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 16. Some of the scale patterns found in females of the Nearctic dendryphantine genus Phidippus. In this genus the dorsal opisthosoma typically bears one pair of anterior spots, a central triangle comprised of two fused spots, and two posterior pairs of spots (Edwards 2004). These spots are comprised of pigmented scales on a black background. Surrounding these spots on the black background there are usually many flat, transparent, shiny and sometimes iridescent scales. 3-4, Note the variation in the color and scale pattern of these female P. californicus, from Mexico and Oregon, respectively.
Figure 6 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 6. Courtship display by male peacock spiders (Euophyrini: Maratus). The fan (dorsal opisthosomal plate) of these spiders bears a distinctive, high color contrast, and high saturation pattern comprised of both pigmented and iridescent scales, in most cases raised and expanded in front of a female as shown here. Each of the species shown here was first described in the last decade. Attribution and ©: 1-14, JuJrgen C. Otto.
Figure 25. Two amycoids with a in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 25. Two amycoids with a subtropical distribution in the southeastern United States. 1, Female Colonus sylvanus (Hentz 1846). This species can be distinguished from the related C. puerperus (Peckham & Peckham 1909, not Hentz 1846 which is a female C. sylvanus) by the presence of red-orange scales around the eyes, and black flecks that are visible through the sides of the carapace. 2, Female Sarinda hentzi (Banks 1913). These have only a few, simple scales (Figure 26.6), some near the eyes, and the others forming a broken band around the opisthosoma. This band has the appearance of a constricted ant abdomen, much like the ants that share the microhabitat of this ant-mimic.
Figure 26 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 26. Line drawings of the opithosomal scales of some amycoids. These were viewed under an oil immersion lens (x 1000) and drawn with a camera lucida. Those shown in white (pinnate, class 5) have white pigment and a granular appearance under transmitted light. Clear or transparent scales (bladelike, class 7) are viewed from the side and shown in their approximate color under transmitted light.
Figure 5 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 5. Iridescent scales of the male chrysilline Cosmophasis umbratica. 1, Adult male from Bali, showing the two bands of green-orange (or gold) iridescent scales that cross the top of the carapace. Land et al. (2007) called these type 1 scales. 2, Model section through the multilayers of a type 1 scale, showing nanoscale photon pathways (after Land et al. 2007). This configuration was thought to produce a peak reflection at 600 nm, but this would vary according to the relative direction of illumination at any position along the length of the scale. Optical thickness of each respective layer is depicted here. These scales also reflected near-UV light (~385 nm peak), a color that, according to Li et al. (2008), also plays a role in the recognition of males by female Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch 1846). Attribution and ©: 1, normfarmerimages.
Figure 10 in Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 10. Scales of the male Maratus nigromaculatus (Keyserling 1883). 1, Courtship display by a male in front of a female. Like the closely related M. chrysomelas (Figure 8), the male M. nigromaculatus, with fan elevated and extended, steps rapidly from side to side during this display. 2, Detailed view of fan, showing the large field of relatively uniform iridescent blue scales, interrupted by black spots. 3, Middorsal part of fan with blue scales as seen under the light microscope. Note the multicolor diffraction that is difficult to observe at a lower magnification. 4-6, SEM views of these iridescent blue scales, showing cross section in (6). In this species the mostly parallel ridges are not straight, but wind around the surface of each scale. The nanoscale spacing of these ridges accounts for the production of the observed colors through reflective diffraction (Wilts, Otto & Stavenga 2020). These keeled and bladelike (class 7) scales are similar to those of M. chrysomelas. Attribution and ©: 1-2, JuJrgen C. Otto; 3-6, Wilts, Otto & Stavenga 2020.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.