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FIGURE 23 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 23. Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906, approximate distribution of specimens studied (brown squares) and literature records (purple dots). Squares and dots may represent several close collecting localities.

FIGURE 36 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 36. Mycale (Carmia) fungiaphila sp.nov., holotype ZMA Por. 16645 from Indonesia, SEM images of the spicules, a, mycalostyle, a1, details of mycalostyle, b, anisochela I, c, anisochela II, d, sigma, e, fusiform trichodragma, e1, detail of fusiform trichodragma, f, bundled fusiform trichodragmas.

FIGURE 26 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 26. Mycale (Arenochalina) regularis Wilson, 1925, a, syntype of Mycale euplectellioides var. regularis Wilson, 1925, USNM 21273 (photo L.E. Becking), b,b1, light microscopic views of choanosomal skeleton showing thick spicule-filled fibre tracts, c, ZMA Por. 14515 from Indonesia, light microscopic view of rosette of anisochelae.

FIGURE 17 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 17. Mycale (Arenochalina) euplectellioides Row, 1911, habitus, a, RMNH Por. 9628 from reefs near Jeddah (photo N.J. de Voogd), b, the same preserved (scale bar = 1 cm), c, the same from above showing vent, d, ZMA Por. 16989 on deck freshly collected in the Gulf of Aqaba (photo Iris K̂tter).

FIGURE 30 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 30. Mycale (Arenochalina) aff. tenuispiculata (Dendy, 1905), a–d, RMNH Por. 9145 from the Gulf of Aqaba, a, light microscopic view of peripheral skeleton, b–d, SEM images of the spicules, b, mycalostyle, b1, details of mycalostyle, c, rare partially damaged anisochela, d, sigmas.

FIGURE 22 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 22. Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906, ZMA Por. 01611 from Indonesia, a, preserved habitus (scale bar = 1 cm), a1, detailed view of surface crust, b–d, SEM images of the spicules, b, mycalostyle, b1, details of mycalostyle, c, anisochelae, d, sigmas.

FIGURE 31 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 31. Mycale (Arenochalina) aff. tenuispiculata (Dendy, 1905), ZMA Por. 14598 from Oman, a–c, habitus, a, in situ (scale bar = 1 cm) (photo R. Gómez), b, detail in situ of specimen not collected (photo R. Gómez), c, specimen on deck (photo R. Moolenbeek), d, light microscopic image of choanosomal skeleton showing thick spicule tracts and sandy tissue, e–g, SEM images of spicules, e, mycalostyle, e1 details of mycalostyle, f, anisochela, g, sigma.

FIGURE 43 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 43. Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila Hentschel, 1911, type specimens ZMB 4401 from SW Australia, growing on brown algae.

FIGURE 44 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 44. Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila Hentschel, 1911, SEM images of anisochelae I (upper row) and anisochelae II (lower row), to show variation in morphology in five different specimens, a, RMNH Por. 6583, b, ZMA Por. 01615, c, ZMA Por. 01614, d, ZMA Por. 08820, e, ZMA Por. 06523.

FIGURE 21 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 21. Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906, ZMA Por. 12656 from the Seychelles, a, preserved habitus fragments (scale bar = 1 cm), b–d, SEM images of the spicules, b, mycalostyle, b1, details of mycalostyle, c, anisochela, d, sigma.

FIGURE 7 in Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

FIGURE 7. Mycale (Aegogropila) orientalis (Topsent, 1897), approximate distribution of specimens studied (dark purple squares) and literature records (pale purple dots). Squares and dots may represent several close collecting localities. Question marks indicate uncertain literature records possibly concerning the similar species M. (Ae.) sulevoidea.

FIGURE 19 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURE 19. Species abundance distributions of Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined) in dry lowland forest (DL), mid elevation evergreen forest (EM) and moist hill evergreen (MHE) communities as delimited by cluster analysis in Figure 17. Main figure. Rank / abundance plots of log10 of abundance as a percentage of the most abundant species plotted against species rank (from highest to lowest). Inset. k-dominance plots of relative cumulative abundance plotted against log10 species rank (from highest to lowest).

FIGURES 17–18 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURES 17–18. Cluster analysis of Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined) using unweighted pair-group average and Sorensen similarity. Bootstrapping was performed with 1000 resamples; the percentage of replicates where each of the major clusters is still supported is shown at nodes. 17, Clustering of data for a full year for each individual trap on Doi Inthanon during 2014. Individual traps are identified at termini and clusters designated as A, B, C and D are indicated. Communities defined by the major clusters A, C and D are assigned names broadly consistent with the forest biotopes and elevations they occupy; MHE, moist hill evergreen; EM, evergreen mid-elevation; DL, dry lowland; 18, Clustering of data for each trap during a four month period during the early-monsoon (April–July) and late-monsoon (September–December). Individual traps are identified at the termini with a suffix "early" of "late". E and F indicate major clusters.

FIGURE 16 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURE 16. Variation in taxonomic distinctness (J*) of Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined) with elevation on Doi Inthanon (solid line). Values of J* were calculated for Empidoidea sampled throughout 12 months in all traps operated at each 500 m elevation zone (<500, 500–1000, 1000–1500, 1500–2000, 2000–2500, &>2500 m) and were plotted against the mean elevation of all traps in each zone. Data were fitted to a linear regression model in PAST (solid line; r2 = 0.8804, p = 0.0056) and 95% confidence intervals (dashed line) were computed from 1000 random replicates taken from the pooled data set.

FIGURE 15 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURE 15. Spatiotemporal variation in Mean Local Turnover (βwL) of species of Empidoidea through 12 months sampling over six 500m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Values of βwL are plotted on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in PAST. Values of βwL (indicated by colour scale bar) vary between 0 (complete identity) and 1.0 (complete non-identity). Data are not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1000 m.

FIGURES 9–12 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURES 9–12. Spatiotemporal variation in relative abundance (A* = number of individuals. trap-1. month-1). 9, Empididae; 10, Hybotidae; 11, Dolichopodidae; 12, Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined). Values of A* from 12 months sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014 were log2 transformed [as log2(1+A*)] and plotted on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in PAST. Values of A* are indicated by the colour scale bars (note logarithmic scale). Data were not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1000 m.

FIGURES 5–8 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURES 5–8. Spatiotemporal variation in observed species richness (Sobs). 5, Empididae; 6, Hybotidae; 7, Dolichopodidae; 8, Estimated species richness (Chao1) of Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined). Data from 12 months sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014 are plotted on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in PAST. Values of Sobs and Chao1 are indicated by the colour scale bars. Data were not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1000 m.

FIGURE 4 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURE 4. Monthly variation in relative abundance, A* (number of individuals. trap-1. month-1) of Empididae, Hybotidae and Dolichopodidae at all elevations on Doi Inthanon during 2014.

FIGURES 13–14. Spatiotemporal variation. 13 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURES 13–14. Spatiotemporal variation. 13, Berger-Parker Dominance (DBP); 14, Equitability (J) of Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined) through 12 months sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Values of DBP and J were calculated in PAST for each month in each elevation zone and smoothed using the adjacent elevation and month algorithm (see Material & methods) before plotting on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in PAST. Values of DBP and J are indicated by the colour scale bars. Data were not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1000 m.

FIGURE 3 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand

FIGURE 3. Monthly variation in species richness (Sobs) of Empididae, Hybotidae, Brachystomatidae and Dolichopodidae at all elevations on Doi Inthanon during 2014.