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Data from: A revised sectional classification of Plukenetia L. (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) with four new species from South America
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We present a phylogenetic classification for <i>Plukenetia</i> (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae) based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic studies using nuclear (ETS, ITS, <i>KEA1 </i>introns 11 and 17, <i>TEB </i>exon 17) and plastid (<i>matK</i>, <i>ndhF</i>, <i>psbA-trnH</i>) DNA data. <i>Plukenetia</i> comprises 25 species divided into six sections, with three new sections and four new species described here. The circumscription of <i>Plukenetia</i> is unaltered from recent treatments and we continue to recognize <i>Romanoa </i>as distinct. The sections of <i>Plukenetia</i> correspond with the subclade system proposed by Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016): P1 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Fragariopsis</i> comb. et stat. nov.; P2 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Penninerviae</i> sect. nov.; P3 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Plukenetia</i>; P4 = <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Angostylidium</i>; and P5 = <i>P. </i>sect. <i>Hedraiostylus</i> + <i>P.</i> sect. <i>Madagascarienses </i>sect. nov. The sections are distinguished by a combination of leaf venation, staminate flower morphology, pistillate flower number, style morphology, fruit type, and seed size. Additionally, we describe three new species from South America belonging to sect. <i>Penninerviae</i>: <b><i>Plukenetia brevistyla </i></b>and<b><i> Plukenetia megastyla</i> </b>from the Amazon basin and <b><i>Plukenetia chocoensis</i></b>from the Chocó Biogeographic Region of Colombia. The new Amazonian species are morphologically similar to <i>P. brachybotrya</i> but distinguished by their style shape and size. The new Colombian species is morphologically similar to <i>P. penninervia</i> but distinguished by its elongate basilaminar extrafloral nectaries, presence of abaxial laminar extrafloral nectaries, and longer inflorescences. We also describe a new species from sect. <i>Plukenetia</i>, <b><i>Plukenetia sylvestris</i></b>, which is widespread in central and southern Peru. This species is suggested to be the wild progenitor of the cultivated <i>P. carolis-vegae</i>, differing by its smaller seeds/fruits and fewer stamens. Molecular data, including a new ETS phylogeny sampling <i>P. brevistyla</i>, support our new taxa as distinct. Keys to the sections and species of <i>Plukenetia</i> are provided<i> </i>and we designate 12 new lectotypes for <i>Plukenetia</i> and <i>Romanoa</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Competition for pollination and isolation from mates differentially impact four stages of pollination in a model grassland perennial
<p>1. Species that persist in small populations isolated by habitat destruction may experience reproductive failure. Self-incompatible plants face dual threats of mate-limitation and competition with co-flowering plants for pollination services. Such competition may lower pollinator visitation, increase heterospecific pollen transfer, and reduce the likelihood that a visit results in successful pollination.</p> <p>2. To understand how isolation from mates and competition with co-flowering species contribute to reproductive failure in fragmented habitat, we conducted an observational study of a tallgrass prairie perennial, <i>Echinacea angustifolia</i>. We quantified the isolation of focal individuals from mates, characterized species richness and counted inflorescences within 1m radius, observed pollinator visitation, collected pollinators, quantified pollen loads on pollinators and on <i>Echinacea</i> stigmas, and measured pollination success. Throughout the season, we sampled 223 focal plants.</p> <p>3. We present evidence that both co-flowering species and isolation from mates substantially limit reproduction in <i>Echinacea</i>. As the flowering season progressed, the probability of pollinator visitation to focal plants decreased and evidence for pollen-limited reproduction increased. Pollinators were most likely to visit <i>Echinacea</i> plants from low-richness floral neighbourhoods with close potential mates, or plants from high-richness neighbourhoods with distant potential mates. Frequent visitation only increased pollination success in the former case, likely because <i>Echinacea</i> in high-richness floral neighbourhoods received low-quality visits.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: In <i>Echinacea</i>, reproduction was limited by isolation from potential mates and the richness of co-flowering species. These aspects of the floral neighbourhood influenced pollinator visitation and pollination success, although conditions that predicted high visitation did not always lead to high pollination success. These results reveal how habitat modification and destruction, which influence floral neighbourhood and isolation from conspecific mates, can differentially affect various stages of reproductive biology in self-incompatible plants. Our results suggest that prairie conservation and restoration efforts that promote patches of greater floral diversity may improve reproductive outcomes in fragmented habitats.</p>
Novel multiplex TaqMan assay for differentiation of the four major pathogenic Brachyspira species in swine
<p>Table S1</p> <p>503 Brachyspira samples used for validation of the novel 5-plex qPCR assay and comparison of results obtained by four independent PCR assays</p>
The complete genome sequence and comparative genomic analyses of four phages (NJ-P3, NB-P21, NC-P34 and NN-P42)
<p>We downloaded and reanalyzed the raw data of four phages genomes (NJ-P3, NB-P21, NC-P34, NN-P42). This is the reassembled whole genomes and comparative genomic analyses of four phages.</p>
Water quality data sets of the Gozyo catchment and the four U.S. watersheds
<p>This zipped file contains three excel files. Table GZ_Solute.xls and Table GZ_Tb.xls are high-frequency water quality data in the stream of the small forested catchment, Gozyo cattchment (12.14ha), Nara, Japan. The high-frequency on-site Water quality (WQ) measurements of K, Cl, and Na in the stream using flow-injection potentiometry method with 15-minute interval were interpolated to 10-minute interval data. The SS concentration in the stream was estimated by linear transformation from the observed 10-minute turbidity value. Table GZ_Solute.xls gives observed 10-minute solutes data with discharge, rainfall, and temperature from 2009 to 2011, and Table GZ_Tb.xls provides the observed 10-minute turbidity data from 2012 to 2014. SS value (mg/l) is calculated as 1.09 Turbidity + 6.19. The data value of -999 means missing observation.</p> <p>Tables US_daily_WQ_datasets.xls contains daily water quality (WQ) and discharge data from the four watersheds in the United States. The data value of -999 also means missing observation. The names (USGS station numbers) of four WQ monitoring sites are Muskingum River (03150000), Rock Creek (04197170), Skunk River (05474000), and Vermilion River (04195000). Daily WQ data were composed by following the procedure described in the Appendix S1 in Hirsch (2014). The WQ data for Muskingum, Rock, and Vermilion river were retrieved from Heidelberg University's National Center for Water Quality Research site (https://ncwqr.org/monitoring/data) and suspended sediment discharge data were downloaded from the USGS National Water Information System (<a href="http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/">http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/</a> or https://doi.org/: 10.5066/F7P55KJN). All the daily discharge data were acquired via the USGS National Water Information System.</p> <p>These data were used to evaluate the performance of the unbiased load estimates and confidence intervals of river loads based on the Rating curve method using importance sampling in the listed article below. To maintain the traceability of the proposed load estimation method and replicability the results in the article, the authors of the article upload the data used in this repository.</p> <p> </p> <p>References</p> <p>Hirsch, R. M. (2014). Large biases in regression-based constituent flux estimates: causes and diagnostic tools. <em>Journal of the American Water Resources Association</em>, 50(6), 1401-1424. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12195</p> <p>Tada, A. and H. Tanakamaru. (Submitted) Unbiased estimates and confidence intervals for riverine loads, <em>Water Resources Research</em>.</p>
Data from: Forest succession and climate variability interacted to control fire activity over the last four centuries in an Alaskan boreal landscape
Context: The boreal forest is globally important for its influence on Earth's energy balance, and its sensitivity to climate change. Ecosystem functioning in boreal forests is shaped by fire activity, so anticipating the impacts of climate change requires understanding the precedence for, and consequences of, climatically induced changes in fire regimes. Long-term records of climate, fire, and vegetation are critical for gaining this understanding. Objectives: We investigated the relative importance of climate and landscape flammability as drivers of fire activity in boreal forests by developing high-resolution records of fire history, and characterizing their centennial-scale relationships to temperature and vegetation dynamics. Methods: We reconstructed the timing of fire activity in interior Alaska, USA, using seven lake-sediment charcoal records spanning CE 1550–2015. We developed individual and composite records of fire activity, and used correlations and qualitative comparisons to assess relationships with existing records of vegetation and climate. Results: Our records document a dynamic relationship between climate and fire. Fire activity and temperature showed stronger coupling after ca. 1900 than in the preceding 350 yr. Biomass burning and temperatures increased concurrently during the second half of the twentieth century, to their highest point in the record. Fire activity followed pulses in black spruce establishment. Conclusions: Fire activity was facilitated by warm temperatures and landscape-scale dominance of highly flammable mature black spruce, with a notable increase in temperature and fire activity during the twenty-first century. The results suggest that widespread burning at landscape scales is controlled by a combination of climate and vegetation dynamics that together drive flammability.
Figure 5 in Anuran diversity of four taxocenoses of the subtropical Atlantic Forest from Santa Catarina and Paraná states Brazil
Figure 5. Dendrogram from cluster analysis with the Jaccard index method (dissimilarity shown by Weight 1-Jaccard index) grouping the four anuran taxocenoses (red highlight – BR-470, MGAN, SC-370 and BR-116) with other taxocenoses from the southern region of Brazil (Table 3). The red line represents the criterion of 40% dissimilarity.
Figure 4 in Anuran diversity of four taxocenoses of the subtropical Atlantic Forest from Santa Catarina and Paraná states Brazil
Figure 4. Rarefaction/extrapolation curves with their respective confidence intervals (95%) of the four sampled anuran taxocenoses: BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470), Santa Catarina state; Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN), Santa Catarina state; SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370), Santa Catarina state;and BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116), Paraná state.
Figure 2 in Anuran diversity of four taxocenoses of the subtropical Atlantic Forest from Santa Catarina and Paraná states Brazil
Figure 2. Map showing collection of breeding sites in the four localities studied: (A) BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116 – n = 13), Paraná state; (B) BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470 – n = 16), Santa Catarina state; (C) Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN – n = 13), Santa Catarina state; (D) SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370 – n = 14), Santa Catarina state.
Data from: Species-specific variation in germination rates contributes to spatial coexistence more than adult plant water use in four closely-related annual flowering plants
1. Spatial partitioning is a classic hypothesis to explain plant species coexistence, but evidence linking local environmental variation to spatial sorting, demography, and species' traits is sparse. If co-occurring species' performance is optimized differently along environmental gradients because of trait variation, then spatial variation might facilitate coexistence. 2. We used a system of four naturally co-occurring species of Clarkia (Onagraceae) to ask if distribution patchiness corresponds to variation in two environmental variables that contribute to hydrological variation. We then reciprocally sowed Clarkia into each patch type and measured demographic rates in the absence of congeneric competition. Species sorted in patches along one or both gradients, and in three of the four species, germination rate in the "home" patch was higher than all other patches. 3. Spatially variable germination resulted in the same three species exhibiting the highest population growth rates in their home patches. 4. Species' trait values related to plant water use, as well as indicators of water stress in home patches, differed among species and corresponded to home patch attributes. However, post-germination survival did not vary among species or between patch types, and fecundity did not vary spatially. 5. Synthesis Our research demonstrates the likelihood that within-community spatial heterogeneity affects plant species coexistence, and presents novel evidence that differential performance in space is explained by what happens in the germination stage. Despite the seemingly obvious link between adult plant water-use and variation in the environment, our results distinguish the germination stage as important for spatially variable population performance.
Data from: Descriptions of four new species of Minyomerus Horn, 1876 sec. Jansen & Franz, 2018 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with notes on their distribution and phylogeny
This contribution adopts the taxonomic concept approach, including the use of taxonomic concept labels (name sec. [according to] source) and region connection calculus-5 (RCC–5) articulations and alignments. Prior to this study, the broad-nosed weevil genus Minyomerus Horn, 1876 sec. Jansen & Franz, 2015 (Curculionidae [non-focal]: Entiminae [non-focal]: Tanymecini [non-focal]) contained 17 species distributed throughout the desert and plains regions of North America. In this review of Minyomerus sec. Jansen & Franz, 2018, we describe the following four species as new to science: Minyomerus ampullaceus sec. Jansen & Franz, 2018 (henceforth: [JF2018]), new species, Minyomerus franko [JF2018], new species, Minyomerus sculptilis [JF2018], new species, and Minyomerus tylotos [JF2018], new species. The four new species are added to, and integrated with, the preceding revision, and an updated key and phylogeny of Minyomerus [JF2018] are presented. A cladistic analysis using 52 morphological characters of 26 terminal taxa (5/21 outgroup/ingroup) yielded a single most-parsimonious cladogram (Length = 99 steps, consistency index = 60, retention index = 80). The analysis reaffirms the monophyly of Minyomerus [JF2018] with eight unreversed synapomorphies. The species-group placements, possible biogeographic origins, and natural history of the new species are discussed in detail.
Data from: Geographic patterns of song variation in four species of Malurus fairy-wrens
Geographic variation in song is widespread among birds, particularly in species that learn vocalizations. The relationship between geographic distance and song variation is likely related to the degree of isolation between populations. To assess this effect of geographic isolation on song divergence, we examined patterns of geographic song variation in four species of Australian fairy-wrens (Malurus), two with suspected histories of geographic isolation and two without. Song variation in all four species was consistent with patterns of isolation by distance, and allopatric subspecies in two species were more divergent in song than predicted by distance alone. Each species' pattern was unique, and some interspecific variation could not be explained by geographic distance. These results indicate that patterns of geographic variation can be influenced by more than geographic distance and historical isolation alone. We suggest that morphological constraints, environmental influences, and sexual selection may all contribute to the variation observed for each species.
Oval scaraboid intaglio in lapis lazuli; engraved with a fire altar and an inscription in four characters.
<p>Oval scaraboid intaglio in lapis lazuli; engraved with a fire altar and an inscription in four characters. British Museum 1892,1103.116.</p>
Intaglio. Oval intaglio in sardonyx with a bevelled edge; engraved with a brāhmī inscription in four characters.
<p>Intaglio. Oval intaglio in sardonyx with a bevelled edge; engraved with a brāhmī inscription in four characters. British Museum 1892,1103.142.</p>
Intaglio. Oval intaglio in garnet with a concave back; engraved with a bust of a woman in profile; before her a brāhmī inscription in four characters.
<p>Intaglio. Oval intaglio in garnet with a concave back; engraved with a bust of a woman in profile; before her a brāhmī inscription in four characters. British Museum 1892,1103,140.</p>
Portrait of Four Tetrarchs (Venice, Italy)
"The first context of the column is unknown (perhaps first in Nicomedia). In a second phase it was used in Constantinople, probably as statues of the sons of Constantine embracing one another and made of porphyry' mentioned in the ancient sources on a place called after them Philadelphion. A part of the missing foot has been found in 1965 in the excavations of the rotunda near the Myrelaion church in Istanbul. With the loot of the fourth crusade of 1204 the group came to Venice and was inserted into the facade of San Marco." (Citation: https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/tetrarchs ) Photographed using a GoPro Hero4 in clear conditions. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Fours expérimentaux de Belesta
Fouille du four expérimental de Belesta-de-la-Frontière. Une réplique de four traditionnel portugais contemporain a fonctionné pendant une dizaine d'années puis a été abandonnée. Ensuite des archéologues l'ont fouillé. Les résultats de leurs analyses et interprétation ont été confrontés avec les expérimentateurs. lien sur le film : https://exphist.hypotheses.org/362 Film sur you tube : https://youtu.be/_j3O7l9JEEY http://ajceramique.weebly.com/le-four-portugais.html Dominique Allios[1], Laurence Cornet[2], Nominoë Guermeur[3], Antoine Cocoual[4], Claudia Sciuto[5] [1] Maître de conférences en archéologie médiévale, univ. Rennes 2, laboratoire LAHM, UMR 6566. [2] Docteur en archéologie médiévale, enseignante. [3] Doctorant en archéologie médiévale, univ. Rennes 2, laboratoire LAHM, UMR 6566. [4] Master 2 d'archéologie et en céramologie, univ. Rennes 2. [5] Doctorante univ. of Uméa, the Environmental Archaeology Laboratory, dept. of Historical, Philosophical and Religious studies. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Diversity of bacterial communities on four frequently used surfaces in a large Brazilian teaching hospital
<p>Frequently used hand-touch surfaces in hospital settings have been implicated as a vehicle of microbial transmission. In this study, we aimed to investigate the overall bacterial population on four frequently used surfaces using a culture-independent Illumina massively parallel sequencing approach of the 16S rRNA genes. Surface samples were collected from four sites, namely elevator buttons (EB), bank machine keyboard buttons (BMKB), restroom surfaces, and the employee biometric time clock system (EBTCS), in a large public and teaching hospital in Sao Paulo. Taxonomical composition revealed the abundance of Firmicutes phyla, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, with a total of 926 bacterial families and 2832 bacterial genera. Moreover, our analysis revealed the presence of some potential pathogenic bacterial genera, including <em>Salmonella enterica</em>, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>, and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. The presence of these pathogens in frequently used surfaces enhances the risk of exposure to any susceptible individuals. Some of the factors that may contribute to the richness of bacterial diversity on these surfaces are poor personal hygiene and ineffective routine schedules of cleaning, sanitizing, and disinfecting. Strict standards of infection control in hospitals and increased public education about hand hygiene are recommended to decrease the risk of transmission in hospitals among patients.</p>
FIGURE 16 in Taxonomic note on four poorly known Arizona Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURE 16. Eupithecia classicata male holotype and pin labels (AMNH).
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic note on four poorly known Arizona Eupithecia Curtis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Eupitheciini)
FIGURE 3. Eupithecia biedermanata female allotype and pin labels (NMNH).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.