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3,538 results for “Lizard”
Figure 3 in The northward extension of reptiles in the Palearctic, with the Jordan Valley (Israel) as a model: snakes outrace lizards (Reptilia: Squamata)
Figure 3. The geographical distribution of all records of snakes in the study area, solid circles. Some key localities for orientation are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 2 in The northward extension of reptiles in the Palearctic, with the Jordan Valley (Israel) as a model: snakes outrace lizards (Reptilia: Squamata)
Figure 2. The geographical distribution, in the study area, of the records of two lizard species: Mesalina guttulata (Lacertidae), open circles, and Tropiocolotes nattereri (Gekkonidae), solid circles. Some key localities for orientation are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 4 in Activity and reproductive patterns of lizards in the Chaco of Argentina
Figure 4. Monthly size distribution of adults (open circles) and juveniles (grey circles) of the lizard species of the Arid Chaco with the highest number of captures. Dotted lines indicate minimum size of adults for each species. Black lines under months indicate presence of gravid females. Arrows indicate months with presence of neonates. SVL: snout–vent length.
Figure 3 in Activity and reproductive patterns of lizards in the Chaco of Argentina
Figure 3. Annual activity of adult (black bars) and juvenile (grey bars) lizards in the southernmost portion of the Chaco. Monthly mean values for rainfall (dashed lines) and temperature (solid lines) are shown.
Figure 1 in Activity and reproductive patterns of lizards in the Chaco of Argentina
Figure 1. Map showing the Chaco ecoregion limits and it subdivisions in Argentina. Numbers refer to study sites with available reproductive studies made in the Argentine Chaco: (1) Arid Chaco (this study); (2) Semiarid Chaco (Fitzgerald et al. 1993, 1999; Cruz 1994a, 1994b, 1997; Cruz and Ramirez Pinilla 1996; Cruz et al. 1999); (3) Sierra Chaco: (a) Martori et al. (2002), (b) Aun and Martori (1994); and (4) Humid Chaco (Ortiz et al. 2014).
Figure 3 in Relationships between helminth communities and diet in Canarian lizards: the evidence from Gallotia atlantica (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Figure 3. Variation in the diet of Gallotia atlantica considering the subspecies and class measured through the resource use index (Jover 1989; Carretero 2004).
Figure 2 in Relationships between helminth communities and diet in Canarian lizards: the evidence from Gallotia atlantica (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Figure 2. Variation of the parameters of parasite diversity in Gallotia atlantica considering the subspecies and class of the lizard host.
Fatigue resistant jaw muscles facilitate long-lasting courtship behavior in the southern alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata)
<p>The southern alligator lizard (<i>Elgaria multicarinata</i>) exhibits a courtship behavior during which the male firmly grips the female's head in his jaws for many hours at a time. This extreme behavior counters the conventional wisdom that reptile muscles are fast to fatigue and incapable of powering high endurance behaviors. We conducted <i>in situ</i> experiments in which the jaw-adductor muscles of lizards were stimulated directly while bite force was measured simultaneously with a force transducer. Fatigue tests were performed by supramaximally and bilaterally stimulating the muscles for several minutes with a series of tetanic trains. Our results show that a substantial sustained force gradually develops during the first few minutes of the fatigue test. This sustained force persists after peak tetanic forces have declined to a fraction of their initial magnitude. The observed sustained force during <i>in situ</i> fatigue tests is consistent with the natural courtship behavior of these lizards and likely reflects physiological specialization. The results of molecular analysis reveal that the jaw-adductor muscles contain masticatory myosin and tonic myosin fibers. We propose that the presence of tonic fibers may explain the unusual sustained force properties during mate-holding behavior. The characterization of muscle properties that facilitate extreme performance in specialized systems may help reveal general mechanisms, especially when done in light of convergently evolved systems exhibiting similar performance characteristics.</p>
Data from: Conserved visual sensitivities across divergent lizard lineages that differ in an ultraviolet sexual signal
The sensory drive hypothesis predicts the correlated evolution of signalling traits and sensory perception in differing environments. For visual signals, adaptive divergence in both colour signals and visual sensitivities between populations may contribute to reproductive isolation and promote speciation, but this has rarely been tested or shown in terrestrial species. We tested whether opsin protein expression differs between divergent lineages of the tawny dragon (Ctenophorus decresii) that differ in the presence/absence of an ultraviolet sexual signal. We measured the expression of four retinal cone opsin genes (SWS1, SWS2, RH2, LWS) using droplet digital PCR. We show that gene expression between lineages does not differ significantly, including the UV wavelength sensitive SWS1. We discuss these results in the context of mounting evidence that visual sensitivities are highly conserved in terrestrial systems. Multiple competing requirements may constrain divergence of visual sensitivities in response to sexual signals. Instead, signal contrast could be increased via alternative mechanisms, such as background selection. Our results contribute to a growing understanding of the roles of visual ecology, phylogeny, and behaviour on visual system evolution in reptiles.
Rapid beard darkening predicts contest outcome, not copulation success, in bearded dragon lizards
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Rapid colour change is widespread in animals and allows them to respond dynamically to the physical and social environment. However, few studies have examined the information conveyed by dynamic colour signals in different social contexts, such as courtship and rivalry contests. Furthermore, dynamic colour change on different body regions may be subject to different selection pressures and therefore serve different functions. We tested whether male colour or colour change predict contest outcome in male-male interactions, or the likelihood of copulation attempts in male-female interactions in the central bearded dragon, <i>Pogona vitticeps</i>. The extent of beard darkening strongly predicted contest outcome, but neither colour (beard, dorsal) nor colour change predicted copulation attempts. <span><span>Dorsal colour showed little consistent change and did not predict contest outcome or copulation attempts. </span></span>Previous work shows that dorsal but not beard colour change occurs in response to both background colour and temperature in the laboratory and in the wild. <a name="_Hlk33037262">Taken together, these results indicate that dynamic colour change in bearded dragons varies in relation to social context and can serve different functions depending on the body region.</a> Our data add to the growing appreciation of how rapid colour change enables animals to accommodate the multiple functions of colour, including communication to different receivers, camouflage and thermoregulation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data on assessing the effects of genetic divergence and morphology on Anolis lizard mating
<p>The brown anole (<i>Anolis sagrei</i>) is a widespread neotropical lizard found on many islands in the West Indies as well as the coast of Central America. Across their range, brown anole populations show extensive ecomorphological trait variation and substantial genetic divergence. It is unclear, however, whether this genetic and morphological divergence results in reproductive isolation between populations. We investigated variation in mating behavior across populations by analyzing four hours of video of each of 234 captive male-female <i>A. sagrei </i>pairs encompassing all 36 possible pairings from six sampled islands. For each pair of individuals, we tested for an association between the occurrence of mating, morphological traits, and genetic relatedness of their populations. We found no support for the hypotheses that ecological and/or non-ecological divergence is driving premating reproductive isolation in <i>A. sagrei</i>. We did find that males with relatively short heads tend to mate more quickly and hypothesize potential explanations that warrant future investigation.</p>
Maternal diet affects juvenile Carpetan rock lizard performance and personality
<p>Differences in both stable and labile state variables are known to affect the emergence and maintenance of consistent inter-individual behavioural variation (animal personality or behavioural syndrome), especially when experienced early in life. Variation in environmental conditions experienced by gestating mothers (viz. non-genetic maternal effects) are known to have significant impact on offspring condition and behaviour, yet, their effect on behavioural consistency is not clear. Here, by applying an orthogonal experimental design, we aimed to study if increased vitamin D<sub>3</sub> content in maternal diet during gestation (vitamin-supplemented vs. vitamin control treatments) combined with corticosterone treatment (corticosterone-treated vs. corticosterone control treatments) applied on freshly hatched juveniles had an effect on individual state and behavioural consistency of juvenile Carpetan rock lizards (<i>Iberolacerta cyreni</i>). We tested the effect of our treatments on (i) climbing speed and the following levels of behavioural variation: (ii) strength of animal personality (behavioural repeatability), (iii) behavioural type (individual mean behaviour) and (iv) behavioural predictability (within-individual behavioural variation unrelated to environmental change). We found higher locomotor performance of juveniles from the vitamin-supplemented group (42.4% increase), irrespective of corticosterone treatment. While activity personality was present in all treatments, shelter use personality was present only in the vitamin-supplemented × corticosterone-treated treatment and risk-taking personality was present in corticosterone control treatments. Contrary to our expectations, behavioural type was not affected by our treatments, indicating that individual quality can affect behavioural strategies without affecting group-level mean behaviour. Behavioural predictability decreased in individuals with low climbing speed, which could be interpreted as a form of anti-predator strategy. Our results clearly demonstrate that maternal diet and corticosterone treatment have the potential to induce or hamper between-individual variation in different components of boldness, often in interactions.</p>
Figure 7 from: Shaney KJ, Harvey MB, Hamidy A, Kurniawan N, Smith EN (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sumatra´s cloud forest lizards of the genus Dendragama and status of Acanthosaura schneideri. ZooKeys 995: 127-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.49355
Figure 7 A, B highland cloud forest habitat of Dendragama schneideri (Photographs by ENS). Photographs taken at Mount Kerinci, Sumatra Barat Province illustrating similar habitats to cloud forests of the Karo Highlands where D. schneideri is found.
Supplementary material 2 from: Shaney KJ, Harvey MB, Hamidy A, Kurniawan N, Smith EN (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sumatra´s cloud forest lizards of the genus Dendragama and status of Acanthosaura schneideri. ZooKeys 995: 127-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.49355
Specimens included in phylogenetic assessment and GenBank accession numbers
Figure 8 from: Shaney KJ, Harvey MB, Hamidy A, Kurniawan N, Smith EN (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sumatra´s cloud forest lizards of the genus Dendragama and status of Acanthosaura schneideri. ZooKeys 995: 127-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.49355
Figure 8 Male representatives currently recognized DendragamaAD. boulengeri ENS 19656 BD. australis ENS 18556 CD. dioidema ENS 19433 DD. schneideri UTA 62868 (photographs by ENS).
Supplementary material 1 from: Shaney KJ, Harvey MB, Hamidy A, Kurniawan N, Smith EN (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sumatra´s cloud forest lizards of the genus Dendragama and status of Acanthosaura schneideri. ZooKeys 995: 127-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.49355
List of additional specimens examined for morphological work, museum IDs and species names
Figure 6 from: Shaney KJ, Harvey MB, Hamidy A, Kurniawan N, Smith EN (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sumatra´s cloud forest lizards of the genus Dendragama and status of Acanthosaura schneideri. ZooKeys 995: 127-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.49355
Figure 6 A flank of male Dendragama boulengeri (MZB 9825) and its thin, horizontal banding patterns, thick vertical bands along dorsal crest, small homogenous scales, and lack of enlarged, keeled scales B flank of male D. schneideri (UTA 62868) and its lack of horizontal banding along the flanks, thin vertical bands along dorsal crest, large heterogeneous scales, and enlarged, strongly keeled scales dispersed across the flanks (photographs by ENS).
Figure 4 from: Shaney KJ, Harvey MB, Hamidy A, Kurniawan N, Smith EN (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sumatra´s cloud forest lizards of the genus Dendragama and status of Acanthosaura schneideri. ZooKeys 995: 127-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.49355
Figure 4 The bright orange mouth of Dendragama boulengeri is shown in A, whereas the pink mouth of D. schneideri is shown in B (photographs by ENS).
Figure 5 from: Shaney KJ, Harvey MB, Hamidy A, Kurniawan N, Smith EN (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sumatra´s cloud forest lizards of the genus Dendragama and status of Acanthosaura schneideri. ZooKeys 995: 127-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.49355
Figure 5 A, C holotype of D. schneideri from two different angles (photographs by MBH) D specimen MZB 12098 from the same angles (photographs by ENS).
Figure 3 from: Shaney KJ, Harvey MB, Hamidy A, Kurniawan N, Smith EN (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of Sumatra´s cloud forest lizards of the genus Dendragama and status of Acanthosaura schneideri. ZooKeys 995: 127-153. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.49355
Figure 3 Box-and-whisker plots of three statistically significant different characters compared: A midbody scale counts, B scales pointing up at midbody, and C ventral scales. Scales abundance is provided on the Y axis and the three species are provided in different colors: blue for D. boulengeri (Marapi), orange for D. schneideri, and grey for D. boulengeri (Kerinci).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.