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5,510 results for “Foods”
Data from: The importance of landscape and spatial structure for hymenopteran-based food webs in an agro-ecosystem
1. Understanding the environmental factors that structure biodiversity and food webs among communities is central to assess and mitigate the impact of landscape changes. 2. Wildflower strips are ecological compensation areas established in farmland to increase pollination services and biological control of crop pests, and to conserve insect diversity. They are arranged in networks in order to favour high species richness and abundance of the fauna. 3. We describe results from experimental wildflower strips in a fragmented agricultural landscape, comparing the importance of landscape, of spatial arrangement, and of vegetation on the diversity and abundance of trap-nesting bees, wasps and their enemies, and the structure of their food webs. 4. The proportion of forest cover close to the wildflower strips and the landscape heterogeneity stood out as the most influential landscape elements, resulting in a more complex trap nest community with higher abundance and richness of hosts, and with more links between species in the food webs and a higher diversity of interactions. We disentangled the underlying mechanisms for variation in these quantitative food-web metrics. 5. We conclude that in order to increase the diversity and abundance of pollinators and biological control agents and to favour a potentially stable community of cavity nesting hymenoptera in wildflower strips, more investment is needed in the conservation and establishment of forest habitats within agro-ecosystems, as a reservoir of beneficial insect populations.
Data from: Feasting in fresh water: impacts of food concentration on freshwater tolerance and the evolution of food x salinity response during the expansion from saline into fresh water habitats
Saline to freshwater invasions have become increasingly common in recent years. A key hypothesis is that rates of freshwater invasions have been amplified in recent years by increased food concentration, yet this hypothesis has remained unexplored. We examined whether elevated food concentration could enhance freshwater tolerance, and whether this effect evolves following saline to freshwater invasions. We examined physiological response to salinity and food concentration in a 2 × 2 factorial design, using ancestral brackish and freshwater invading populations of the copepod Eurytemora affinis. We found that high food concentration significantly increases low-salinity tolerance. This effect was reduced in the freshwater population, indicating evolution following the freshwater invasion. Thus, ample food could enable freshwater invasions, allowing subsequent evolution of low-salinity tolerance even under food-poor conditions. We also compared effects of food concentration on freshwater survival between two brackish populations from the native range. Impacts of food concentration on freshwater survival differed between the brackish populations, suggesting variation in functional properties affecting their propensity to invade freshwater habitats. The key implication is that high food concentration could profoundly extend range expansions of brackishwater species into freshwater habitats, potentially allowing for condition-specific competition between saline invaders and resident freshwater species.
Data from: Frequency-dependent conspecific attraction to food patches
In many ecological situations, resources are difficult to find but become more apparent to nearby searchers after one of their numbers discovers and begins to exploit them. If the discoverer cannot monopolize the resources, then others may benefit from joining the discoverer and sharing their discovery. Existing theories for this type of conspecific attraction have often used very simple rules for how the decision to join a discovered resource patch should be influenced by the number of individuals already exploiting that patch. We use a mechanistic, spatially explicit model to demonstrate that individuals should not necessarily simply join patches more often as the number of individuals exploiting the patch increases, because those patches are likely to be exhausted soon or joining them will intensify future local competition. Furthermore, we show that this decision should be sensitive to the nature of the resource patches, with individuals being more responsive to discoveries in general and more tolerant of larger numbers of existing exploiters on a patch when patches are resource-rich and challenging to locate alone. As such, we argue that this greater focus on underlying joining mechanisms suggests that conspecific attraction is a more sophisticated and flexible tactic than currently appreciated.
Data from: Warming alters food web-driven changes in the CO2 flux of experimental pond ecosystems
Evidence shows the important role biota play in the carbon cycle, and strategic management of plant and animal populations could enhance CO2 uptake in aquatic ecosystems. However, it is currently unknown how management-driven changes to community structure may interact with climate warming and other anthropogenic perturbations to alter CO2 fluxes. Here we showed that under ambient water temperatures, predators (three-spined stickleback) and nutrient enrichment synergistically increased primary producer biomass, resulting in increased CO2 uptake by mesocosms in early dawn. However, a 3°C increase in water temperatures counteracted positive effects of predators and nutrients, leading to reduced primary producer biomass and a switch from CO2 influx to efflux. This confounding effect of temperature demonstrates that climate scenarios must be accounted for when undertaking ecosystem management actions to increase biosequestration.
Data from: Estimating the prevalence of food risk increasing behaviours in UK kitchens
Foodborne disease poses a serious threat to public health. In the UK, half a million cases are linked to known pathogens and more than half of all outbreaks are associated with catering establishments. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) has initiated the UK Food Hygiene Rating Scheme in which commercial food establishments are inspected and scored with the results made public. In this study we investigate the prevalence of food risk increasing behaviours among chefs, catering students and the public. Given the incentive for respondents to misreport when asked about illegal or illicit behaviours we employed a Randomised Response Technique designed to elicit more accurate prevalence rates of such behaviours. We found 14% of the public not always hand-washing immediately after handling raw meat, poultry or fish; 32% of chefs and catering students had worked within 48 hours of suffering from diarrhoea or vomiting. 22% of the public admitted having served meat "on the turn" and 33% of chefs and catering students admitted working in kitchens where such meat was served; 12% of the public and 16% of chefs and catering students admitted having served chicken at a barbeque when not totally sure it was fully cooked. Chefs in fine-dining establishment were less likely to wash their hands after handling meat and fish and those who worked in award winning restaurants were more likely to have returned to work within 48 hours of suffering from diarrhoea and vomiting. We found no correlation between the price of a meal in an establishment, nor its Food Hygiene Rating Score, and the likelihood of any of the food malpractices occurring.
Data from: Inaccurate color discrimination by pollinators promotes evolution of discrete color polymorphism in food-deceptive flowers
Many plant species employing food-deceptive pollination strategy show discrete or continuous floral polymorphism within their populations. Previous studies have suggested that negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) caused by learning behavior of pollinators was responsible for maintenance of floral polymorphism. However, NFDS alone does not explain why and when discrete or continuous polymorphism evolves. In this study, we use an evolutionary simulation model to propose that inaccurate discrimination of flower colors by pollinators results in evolution of discrete flower color polymorphism. Simulations showed that associative learning based on inaccurate discrimination in pollinators caused disruptive selection of flower colors. The degree of inaccuracy determined the number of discrete flower colors that evolved. Our results suggest that animal behavior based on inaccurate discrimination may be a general cause of disruptive selection that promotes discrete trait polymorphism.
Data from: The role of fish life histories in allometrically scaled food-web dynamics
1. Body size determines key ecological and evolutionary processes of organisms. Therefore, organisms undergo extensive shifts in resources, competitors and predators as they grow in body size. While empirical and theoretical evidence show that these size-dependent ontogenetic shifts vastly influence the structure and dynamics of populations, theory on how those ontogenetic shifts affect the structure and dynamics of ecological networks is still virtually absent. 2. Here, we expand the Allometric Trophic Network (ATN) theory in the context of aquatic food webs to incorporate size-structure in the population dynamics of fish species. We do this by modifying a food web generating algorithm, the niche model, to produce food webs where different fish life-history stages are described as separate nodes which are connected through growth and reproduction. Then, we apply a bioenergetic model that uses the food webs and the body sizes generated by our niche model to evaluate the effect of incorporating life-history structure into food web dynamics. 3. We show that the larger the body size of a fish species respective to the body size of its preys, the higher the biomass attained by the fish species and the greater the ecosystem stability. We also find that the larger the asymptotic body size attained by fish species the larger the total ecosystem biomass, a result that holds true or both the largest fish in the ecosystem and each fish species in the ecosystem. 4. This work provides an expanded ATN theory that generates food webs with life-history structure for chosen species. Our work offers a systematic approach for disentangling the effects of increasing life-history complexity in food-wed models.
Enabling single-molecule localization microscopy in turbid food emulsions
<p>Supplementary and raw data</p>
Monitoring food structure during digestion using small-angle scattering and imaging techniques
<p>Monitoring food structure during digestion using small-angle scattering and imaging techniques</p>
Single molecule microscopy as a tool to probe multiscale food structures
<p>Single molecule microscopy as a tool to probe multiscale food structures</p>
Multi scale structure analysis of food materials with scattering
<p>Multi scale structure analysis of food materials with scattering</p>
FIG. 2 in Food offerings in graves from the Danubian Neolithic (5500-4900 B.C.) in the upper Rhine valley
FIG. 2. - View of grave n° 94 in the cemetery of Vendenheim with the deposit of a fore leg from a young Suinae near the skull. Photo F. Schneikert AFAN)
Characterization of innovations related to short food supply chains in Europe
<p>Characterization of the recommended technological and non-technological innovations for Short Food Supply Chains, based on the European project Smartchain. Two matrices are used to identify the technological feasibility, social suitability, organizational means and financial feasibility of technological and non-technological innovations, in different national contexts. </p>
Figure 2 in The food web of parasitoid wasps and their non-phytophagous fly hosts in birds' nests (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, and Diptera: Cyclorrhapha)
Figure 2. Restricted web; see text for restriction criteria; legend: see Figure 1.
Figure 1 in Suitability of different pollen grains and Tetranychus urticae as food for the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Figure 1. Age-stage-specific survival rate (sxj) of Ambluseius swirskii fed on Tetranychus urticae and seven different plant pollen grains.
Beyond Hermetia illucens: The garden soldier fly Exaireta spinigera as a potential bioconverter of food waste
<p>Using insects to convert food waste into useable products, such as livestock feed, is an elegant solution to the twin crises of waste disposal and food production. To date, the black soldier fly (<i>Hermetia illucens)</i> has garnered intense research interest as an excellent bioconverter that consumes wastes and converts them into high protein larval biomass that can be fed to livestock or converted into biodiesel. However, other members of the soldier fly family (Stratiomyidae) have received far less attention despite similar life history traits. Here we examine the seasonality and performance (protein content and protein conversion efficiency) of larval Australian garden soldier flies, <i>Exaireta spinigera</i>.</p> <p> We first examined the state of knowledge about <i>E. spinigera's</i> biology and life history via a literature search. Next, we used a global biodiversity database to infer the seasonality of <i>E. spinigera </i>in Australia. Finally, we conducted outdoor feeding experiments to investigate protein content and protein conversion efficiency of larvae fed wastes ranging from 100% fruit and vegetable waste (low protein) to 100% poultry feed (higher protein).</p> <p><i>Exaireta spinigera</i> appears to be a winter active species, with reported sightings peaking during cooler months of the year. <i>Exaireta spinigera</i> larvae also dominated outdoor bucket traps during the winter, when <i>H. illucens</i> was otherwise inactive. <i>Exaireta spinigera</i> larvae had decreased protein content and decreased protein conversion efficiency when fed foods that contained a high proportion of low-protein food waste. However even in the 100% food waste treatment, the protein content of <i>E. spinigera</i> was relatively high at 38.6% crude protein.</p> <p>We suggest that <i>E. spinigera</i> is an excellent candidate for further research as it can convert low quality food waste into high protein larvae at colder temperatures than <i>H. illucens</i>. Our results highlight the benefits of investigating a wider range of dipteran species for their bioconversion abilities.</p>
Fig. 2 in Aquatic insects as the main food resource of fish the community in a Neotropical reservoir
Fig. 2. Alimentary Index (%) of food categories consumed by the fish community of the Nova Avanhandava Reservoir. AI = Aquatic insect; TI = Terrestrial insects; CR = Crustaceans; FI = Fish; MA = Macroinvertebrates; MI = Microcrustaceans; AL = Algae; VM = Vegetal matter; DS = Detritus/sediment; SC = Scales. The acronyms of species are in Table 1.
Fig 5 from: Ngoute CO, Hunter D, Lecoq M (2021) Perception and knowledge of grasshoppers among indigenous communities in tropical forest areas of southern Cameroon: Ecosystem conservation, food security, and health. Journal of Orthoptera Research 30(2): 117-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.64266
Fig 5 Efficiency of the methods used to control pest grasshoppers: conventional methods (A) and traditional methods (B).
Fig 6 from: Ngoute CO, Hunter D, Lecoq M (2021) Perception and knowledge of grasshoppers among indigenous communities in tropical forest areas of southern Cameroon: Ecosystem conservation, food security, and health. Journal of Orthoptera Research 30(2): 117-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.64266
Fig 6 Some grasshoppers mainly used/cited by local people: Zonocerus variegatus (pest of crops, fallowland species, use as food and to treat diseases) (A), Oxycatantops spissus (pest of crops, fallowland species, use as food and to treat diseases) (B), Atractomorpha acutipennis (pest of crops, species of forest edge and fallow, use to treat diseases) (C), Parapetasia femorata (forest species, use as indicator to characterize forest ecosystems) (D), Mazea granulosa (forest species, use as indicator to characterize forest ecosystems) (E), Gemeneta terrea (forest species, use as indicator to characterize forest ecosystems) (F).
Fig 3 from: Ngoute CO, Hunter D, Lecoq M (2021) Perception and knowledge of grasshoppers among indigenous communities in tropical forest areas of southern Cameroon: Ecosystem conservation, food security, and health. Journal of Orthoptera Research 30(2): 117-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.30.64266
Fig 3 Perception of grasshoppers by local people: general perception (A), harmful effects of grasshoppers (B), and development stage of pest grasshoppers (C).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.