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opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Afromontane understory birds increase in body size over four decades

Of the myriad responses to climate change, an emerging trend is the widespread decrease in animal body size with warming temperatures. Birds, in particular, have been shown to be decreasing in body size in several areas – most notably the Amazon Basin and temperate North America – but trends in much of the world remain unexplored. Here, we analyze temporal trends in and climatic associations of body mass for 42 resident bird species over 36 years in the Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, a tropical montane global biodiversity hotspot. In addition, we assess trends in wing length and mass:wing ratio over 21 years. Finally, we examine whether species-specific trends in body mass are related to average body size or to trends in apparent survival. Overall, species' average body mass in the Usambara Mountains increased by 0.023 g/decade, amounting to increases of 4.1% over 36 years. These long-term shifts in body mass were strongly and positively associated with annual mean temperature but showed no relationship with precipitation. Wing length increased on average by 2.0% over the most recent 21-year period, yet there was mixed evidence for trends in mass:wing ratio, suggesting that body size, in general, is increasing. While percentage trends in body mass were not related to trends in apparent annual survival, smaller species did display greater proportional increases in body mass. Although the drivers of increased body size remain unclear – and climate change cannot be ruled out – such increases among Afrotropical montane birds provide an intriguing counterpoint to observed declines in body mass elsewhere and suggest that trends in body mass in tropical birds may be mediated by biogeography or other abiotic or biotic drivers.

opencc-zeroMar 2021View details →

Candlestick for four candles

Candlestick for four candles from the Great Synagogue in Oświęcim Time and place of creation: 2nd half of the 19th century, Oświęcim Inventory number: MŻ 4 Museum: Auschwitz Jewish Centre https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/2077 http://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/o-nas Digitalisation: Digitalisation: RDW MIC, Virtual Małopolska project Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-byFeb 2021View details →

Ker Betsy Four 1M

* Mission archéologique 2018 : Jonhattan Vidal (SRA, DAC Réunion) et Laëtitia Thérond (TAAF) * Photogrammétrie : Jonhattan Vidal (SRA, DAC Réunion) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Data from: Same places, same stories? Genomics reveals similar structuring and demographic patterns for four Pocillopora coral species in the southwestern Indian Ocean

Aim Efficiently protecting species requires knowing their ecological, life history and reproductive traits. This is particularly decisive for scleractinian corals, key components of coral reefs, which are experiencing critical declines. Yet their connectivity remains insufficiently documented. Here, we focused on four distinct species of the coral genus Pocillopora found in diverse habitats of the southwestern Indian Ocean and presenting various reproductive strategies. We aimed to understand whether these traits affect species connectivity. Location Archipelagos and islands of the southwestern Indian Ocean. Taxon Pocillopora spp. Methods We used target-capture to collect single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from over a thousand colonies sampled across nine localities. From the ca. 1,400 SNPs retained per species, Bayesian clustering methods, networks and demographic inferences were applied to first infer the population genetic structure and connectivity of each species, then the demographic history of each population. Results All four Pocillopora species exhibited almost the same genetic structuring pattern, reflecting the sampled ecoregions (Madagascar and surrounding islands vs. Mascarene Islands). However, the genetic differentiation was stronger ( FST about 10 times higher) for P. acuta, the species inhabiting more enclosed habitats, such as lagoons and shallow waters, and reproducing mainly asexually. Similarly, all populations, except those from P. acuta, showed a signature of population expansion ca. 100,000 years ago, following the penultimate glacial period. Main conclusions These results indicate reduced gene flow between Madagascar and the Mascarenes, probably linked to currents, suggesting distinct connectivity networks that should be considered independently when setting up conservation plans. In addition, shared demographic histories reflect that populations from these species have probably met the same environmental constraints and reacted similarly, something that should be considered in light of the ongoing rapid climate change.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Actuarial senescence progresses similarly across sites and species in four boreal orchids

Whole-plant senescence, defined as a decrease in individual fitness as an organism grows older, has often been assumed to not occur in plants; however, it has now been detected in a range of plant taxa. Still, reported senescence patterns vary substantially, and it remains unknown how consistent patterns are within phylogenetic groups and how they may be affected by environmental factors. Plants show a high diversity in life-history traits within phylogenetic groups and environments, but shared traits amongst related species are also common, making both diverse and similar patterns probable. Here, we explore how mortality changes with advancing age in four closely related species (Dactylorhiza incarnata, D. lapponica, D. maculata, and Gymnadenia conopsea) across two sites in Norway: the coastal Nordmarka and inland Sølendet. Using data collected over 34 years, following more than 2500 individual plants, we conduct Bayesian survival trajectory analysis to assess mortality age-trajectories. A simple Weibull model, illustrating increasing mortality at a decelerating rate with age, was the best fit for all species at both sites. From these models, we calculate rates of senescence and compare them using Kullback-Leibler divergences, finding no notable differences in rates between species or sites. Synthesis. Our findings suggest that actuarial senescence, an increase in mortality with advancing age, may be common in orchids and show that demographic ageing can proceed similarly in closely related taxa across different environments.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Four-dimensional computational ultrasound imaging of brain hemodynamics

Four-dimensional ultrasound imaging of complex biological systems such as the brain is technically challenging because of the spatiotemporal sampling requirements. We present computational ultrasound imaging (cUSi), an imaging method that uses complex ultrasound fields that can be generated with simple hardware and a physical wave prediction model to alleviate the sampling constraints. cUSi allows for high-resolution four-dimensional imaging of brain haemodynamics in awake and anesthetized mice.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

Dataset for the manuscript "Realization of an atomic quantum Hall system in four dimensions", arXiv:2210.06322

Dataset for the manuscript "Realization of an atomic quantum Hall system in four dimensions", arXiv:2210.06322

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Development of twenty-four microsatellite markers for Afrotropical Ornithodoros ticks

Background: Soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros are responsible for the maintenance and transmission of the African swine fever (ASF) virus in the sylvatic and domestic viral cycles in Southern Africa. They are also the main vectors of Borrelia species causing relapsing fevers. Currently, no genetic markers are available for Afrotropical Ornithodoros ticks. As ASF spreads globally, such markers are needed to assess the role of ticks in the emergence of new outbreaks. The aim of this study was to design microsatellite markers that could be used for ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata complex, particularly Ornithodoros phacochoerus, to assess population structure and tick movements in ASF endemic areas. Methods: One hundred and fifty-one markers were designed using the O. moubata and O. porcinus genomes after elimination of repeated sequences in the genomes. All designed markers were tested on O. phacochoerus and O. porcinus DNA to select the best markers. Results: Twenty-four microsatellite markers were genotyped on two populations of O. phacochoerus and on few individuals from four other Ornithodoros species. Nineteen markers were selected to be as robust as possible for population genetic studies on O. phacochoerus. Conclusions: The microsatellite markers developed here represent the first genetic tool to study nidicolous populations of Afrotropical Ornithodoros. This dataset contains the genotyping results obtained for all twenty-four markers tested.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Population genetics of the Four Corners potato (Solanum jamesii)

The domestication of wild plant species can begin with gathering and transport of propagules by Indigenous peoples. The effect on genomic composition, especially in clonal, self-incompatible perennials would be instantaneous and drastic with respect to new, anthropogenic populations subsequently established. Populations of the Four Corners potato, Solanum jamesii Torr., associated with archaeological sites in Utah and northern Arizona are unable to produce seeds and fruits unless crossed with non-archaeological populations. Presumably, founder events reduced genetic diversity and mating capability when tubers were transported and established in ancient gardens. Herein genetic sequencing (GBS) data is used to further examine the hypothesis of domestication in this culturally significant species by sampling 25 archaeological and non-archaeological populations. Archaeological populations from Utah, Colorado, and northern Arizona have lower levels of polymorphic loci, unique alleles, and heterozygosity than non-archaeological populations from the Mogollon Region of central Arizona and New Mexico. Principle components analysis, Fst values, and structure analysis revealed that genetic relationships among archaeological populations did not correspond to geographic proximity. Populations near Escalante, Utah were either derived from those found on the Mogollon Rim (400 km south) or related to those in Bears Ears (178 km east). Populations in Chaco Canyon are also similar to Escalante, but those in Mesa Verde, Chimney Rock, and El Morro have affinities to southern New Mexico and Texas. Movement of tubers from the Mogollon Region may have occurred many times and in multiple directions during the past, resulting in the complex genetic patterns seen in these populations from across the Four Corners Region.

Figure 5 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets

Figure 5. Predicted secondary structures of Pontia callidice and Pontia daplidice 22 tRNA genes.

Figure 10 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets

Figure 10. Predicted secondary structure of Pontia callidice srRNA gene.

Figure 8 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets

Figure 8. Predicted secondary structure of Talbotia naganum srRNA gene.

Figure 6 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets

Figure 6. Predicted secondary structure of Baltia butleri srRNA gene.

Figure 4 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets

Figure 4. Predicted secondary structures of Baltia butleri and Talbotia naganum 22 tRNA genes.

Figure 12 in Mitochondrial genomes of four pierid butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) with assessments about Pieridae phylogeny upon multiple mitogenomic datasets

Figure 12. Predicted secondary structure of Pontia daplidice srRNA gene.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Formations of mycorrhizal symbiosis alter the phenolic heteropolymers in roots and leaves of four temperate woody species

The decomposition rates of senesced tissues from plants associated with ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi tend to differ from that associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However, the chemical underpinnings that could drive the observed differences in decomposition are less explored. Here, we characterized the content, composition, and spatial organization of phenolic heteropolymers in roots and leaves of four temperate tree species across eight plant-fungus combinations, forming either AM or EcM associations. Colonization by either AM or EcM fungi tended to decrease the abundance of lignin, condensed tannins, and ratios of lignin and nitrogen in roots and/or leaves, which would lead to lower chemical recalcitrance of tissues. The decrease in root lignin abundance by either mycorrhizal type was associated with an expanded cortex, potentially facilitating symbiosis. Additionally, changes in lignin molecular composition by mycorrhizal symbiosis differed between plant phylogenetic lineages irrespective of mycorrhizal type. Our results suggest that the mycorrhiza-associated changes in plant chemical traits that regulate litter decomposition may not be unique to AM or EcM associations; rather, both associations can reduce root and leaf chemical recalcitrance. Further, the differential modification in lignin composition by mycorrhizal symbiosis between plant phylogenetic groups highlights the influence of plant evolutionary history in plant-mycorrhizal interactions.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Data from: Landscape heterogeneity drives population structure in four western bumble bee species

Bumble bees are critical pollinators in wild, agricultural, and urban ecosystems—providing the necessary ecological services for food and crop production. In western North America, mountain ranges have high bumble bee species richness. However, as climate change increases temperatures and restricts montane populations to higher elevational spaces, their ability to disperse and maintain genetic diversity decreases. This genetic isolation could lead to the extirpation of local pollinator communities and an overall loss of pollinators. We analyzed the genetic diversity of four broadly sympatric species of bumble bees across the Rocky and Cascade Mountains of western North America to assess habitat isolation's impact on population genetic structure. We expected species restricted to higher elevation habitats to display higher population structure and less genetic diversity across the landscape. We sampled approximately 150 bees per species from seven to eight sites across each species' range. We genotyped bees with an average of 10 loci and used FST and Bayesian Structure analysis to quantify population differentiation. Using isolation by distance and isolation by resistance analyses, species with both narrow and broad habitat suitability requirements showed evidence of habitat suitability restricting gene flow. Although each species showed varying degrees of genetic structure and gene flow, knowing how habitat heterogeneity drives genetic structure and isolation can help guide conservation efforts and determine focal regions for bumble bee conservation in the face of climate change.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Fig. 22 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 22. New distributional records of species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 studied in this work.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Fig. 16 in Four new species and five new distribution records of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillines) from India

Fig. 16. Type localities of new species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 studied in this work.