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5,371 results for “Flow”
Response of flow and saltating particle characteristics to bed roughness and particle spatial density
<p>The data were used in the paper "Response of flow and saltating particle characteristics to bed roughness and particle spatial density" which was submitted to "Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface". In this paper, the effects of bed roughness and particle spatial density on the bedload transport are investigated by numerical simulations. The distributions of key parameters for saltation, including their changes, are assessed using the PDF curves. It is found that bed roughness is likely composed of particles of equivalent size for fine particles.</p>
Data from: Experimental study of high-flow and low-expansion backfill material
High-flow low-expansion backfill materials have been developed to improve difficult slurry pipeline transport and the poor roof-contact effect of many filling materials. The fly ash content was fixed at 80%, and the content of mineral powder was 8.5% - 9.5%, lime was 8.5% - 9.5%, and desulfurized gypsum was 2% - 3%, with a sodium carbonate content of 0.9% - 1.2% and an aluminum powder content of 0.01% - 0.02%. The prepared backfill material processed good fluidity, and the expansion rate of the hardened material reached 2% - 3%, and the compressive strength at 90 d reached 4 MPa - 5.5 MPa. SEM observations indicated that as the aluminum content increased, the ettringite on bubble walls transformed from a fine-needle to a needle-rod shape. Secondly, the hydration products of the system were mainly hydrated calcium silicate gel and ettringite, which interconnected and promoted the formation of the structure. The backfill material had extensive sources of raw materials, low cost, and a simple filling process and good filling effect.
Analytical solution of apparent permeability of a laminated structure with cross flow in the transient flow process-data
<p>This file is the data used in the aritcle "Analytical solution of apparent permeability of a laminated structure with cross flow in the transient flow process"</p>
Video for the high-speed camera photos from granular flow experiments
<p>These are two video for grains mass movement derived from granular flow laboratory experiments (which generated by high speed camera photos).</p> <p>Additionally, the corresponding raw photos are also presented.</p>
Turbulence Structure and Momentum Exchange in Compound Channel Flows with Shore Ice covered on the Floodplains
<p>This data deposit contains all the datasets needed to draw 9 Figures (4, 8-10, 12-16) in the paper "Turbulence Structure and Momentum Exchange in Compound Channel Flows with Shore Ice covered on the Floodplains", which is now under consideration for potential publication in Water Resources Research. </p>
Gene flow and climate-associated genetic variation in a vagile habitat specialist
<p>Previous work in landscape genetics suggests that geographic isolation is of greater importance to genetic divergence than variation in environmental conditions. This is intuitive when configurations of suitable habitat are the dominant factor limiting dispersal and gene flow, but has not been thoroughly examined for habitat specialists with strong dispersal capability. Here, we evaluate the effects of geographic and environmental isolation on genetic divergence in a vagile invertebrate with high habitat specificity and a discrete dispersal life stage: Dod's Old World swallowtail butterfly, <i>Papilio machaon dodi</i>. In Canada, <i>P. m. dodi </i>are generally restricted to eroding habitat along major river valleys where their larval host plant occurs. A series of causal and linear mixed effects models indicate that divergence of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms is best explained by a combination of environmental isolation (variation in summer temperatures) and geographic isolation (Euclidean distance). Interestingly, least-cost path and circuit distances through a resistance surface parameterized as the inverse of habitat suitability were not supported. This suggests that, although habitat associations of many butterflies are specific due to reproductive requirements, habitat suitability and landscape permeability are not equivalent concepts due to considerable adult vagility. We infer that divergent selection related to variation in summer temperatures has produced two genetic clusters within <i>P. m. dodi</i>, differing in voltinism and diapause propensity. Within the next century, temperatures are predicted to rise by amounts greater than the present-day difference between regions of genetic clusters, potentially affecting the persistence of the northern cluster under continued climate change.</p>
Supplementary data for the manuscript "Flow and Entrainment Mechanisms around a Freshwater Mussel Aligned with the Incoming Flow"
<p>This repository is associated with the manuscript for Water Resource Research (WRR): Flow and Entrainment Mechanisms around a Freshwater Mussel Aligned with the Incoming Flow. The repository contains the data files for the manuscript.</p>
Gene flow creates a mirage of cryptic species in a Southeast Asian spotted stream frog complex
<p>Most new cryptic species are described using conventional tree- and distance-based species delimitation methods (SDMs), which rely on phylogenetic arrangements and measures of genetic divergence. However, although numerous factors such as population structure and gene flow are known to confound phylogenetic and species delimitation inferences, the influence of these processes on species estimation is not frequently evaluated. Using large amounts of exons, introns, and ultraconserved elements obtained using the FrogCap sequence-capture protocol, we compared conventional SDMs with more robust genomic analyses that assesses population structure and gene flow to characterize species boundaries in a Southeast Asian frog complex (<i>Pulchrana</i> <i>picturata</i>). Our results showed that gene flow and introgression can produce phylogenetic patterns and levels of divergence that resemble distinct species (up to 10% divergent in mitochondrial DNA). Hybrid populations were inferred as independent (singleton) clades that were highly divergent from adjacent populations (7–10%) and unusually similar (<3%) to allopatric populations. Such anomalous patterns are not uncommon in Southeast Asian amphibians, which brings into question whether the high cryptic diversity observed in other amphibian groups reflect distinct cryptic species—or, instead, highly admixed and structured metapopulation lineages. Our results also provide an alternative explanation to the conundrum of divergent (sometimes non-sister) sympatric lineages―a pattern that has been celebrated as indicative of true cryptic speciation. Based on these findings, we recommend that species delimitation of continuously distributed "cryptic" groups should not rely solely on conventional SDMs but should necessarily examine population structure and gene flow to avoid taxonomic inflation.</p>
Data from: Mating system variation in hybrid zones: facilitation, barriers and asymmetries to gene flow
Plant mating systems play a key role in structuring genetic variation both within and between species. In hybrid zones, the outcomes and dynamics of hybridization are usually interpreted as the balance between gene flow and selection against hybrids. Yet, mating systems can introduce selective forces that alter these expectations; with diverse outcomes for the level and direction of gene flow depending on variation in outcrossing and whether the mating systems of the species pair are the same or divergent. We present a survey of hybridization in 133 species pairs from 41 plant families and examine how patterns of hybridization vary with mating system. We examine if hybrid zone mode, level of gene flow, asymmetries in gene flow and the frequency of reproductive isolating barriers vary in relation to mating system/s of the species pair. We combine these results with a simulation model and examples from the literature to address two general themes: (i) the two-way interaction between introgression and the evolution of reproductive systems, and (ii) how mating system can facilitate or restrict interspecific gene flow. We conclude that examining mating system with hybridization provides unique opportunities to understand divergence and the processes underlying reproductive isolation.
Data from: Ecological speciation in sympatric palms: 4. Demographic analyses support speciation of Howea in the face of high gene flow
The idea that populations must be geographically isolated (allopatric) to evolve into separate species has persisted for a long time. It is now clear that new species can also diverge despite ongoing genetic exchange, but few accepted cases of speciation in sympatry have held up when scrutinised using modern approaches. Here, we examined evidence for speciation of the Howea palms of Lord Howe Island, Australia, in light of new genomic data. We used coalescence-based demographic models combined with double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing of multiple individuals and provide support for previous claims by Savolainen et al. (Nature 441: 210–213, 2006) that speciation in Howea did occur in the face of gene flow.
Going with the flow: corals in high-flow environments can beat the heat
<p>Coral reefs are experiencing unprecedented declines in health on a global scale leading to severe reductions in coral cover. One major cause of this decline is increasing sea surface temperature. However, conspecific colonies separated by even small spatial distances appear to show varying responses to this global stressor. One factor contributing to differential responses to heat stress is variability in the coral's micro-environment, such as the amount of water flow a coral experiences. High flow provides corals with a variety of health benefits, including heat stress mitigation. Here, we investigate how water flow affects coral gene expression and provides resilience to increasing temperatures. We examined host and photosymbiont gene expression of <i>Acropora </i>cf. <i>pulchra </i>colonies in discrete <i>in situ</i> flow environments during a natural bleaching event. In addition, we conducted controlled <i>ex situ </i>tank experiments where we exposed <i>A. </i>cf.<i> pulchra </i>to different flow regimes and acute heat stress. Notably, we observed distinct flow-driven transcriptomic signatures related to energy expenditure, growth, heterotrophy and a healthy coral host-photosymbiont relationship. We also observed disparate transcriptomic responses during bleaching recovery between the high- and low-flow sites. Additionally, corals exposed to high flow showed "frontloading" of specific heat-stress related genes such as heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes, genes involved in apoptosis regulation, innate immunity, and cell adhesion. We posit that frontloading is a result of increased oxidative metabolism generated by the increased water movement. Gene frontloading may at least partially explain the observation that colonies in high-flow environments show higher survival and/or faster recovery in response to bleaching events.</p>
Figure 2 from: Sampaio FAC, Rufino MS, Pompeu PS, Santos HA, Ferreira RL (2020) Hydraulic flow resistance of epigean and hypogean fish of the family Trichomycteridae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes). Subterranean Biology 35: 97-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.55064
Figure 2 Experimental apparatus for testing fish swimming capacity and resistance to flow: A centrifugal pump which creates the water flow B central testing section C connection for fish entrance to and removal from the central testing section D screens to keep fish in the central testing section E flow rate gauge F frequency converter which was used to change pump rotation and, consequently, the flow velocity in the central testing section G water tank and H water cooler.
Figure 3 from: Sampaio FAC, Rufino MS, Pompeu PS, Santos HA, Ferreira RL (2020) Hydraulic flow resistance of epigean and hypogean fish of the family Trichomycteridae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes). Subterranean Biology 35: 97-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.55064
Figure 3 Relationship between absolute critical speed (ln) and total length and standard length, for T. itacarambiensis.
Effect of glacial/interglacial recharge conditions on flow of meteoric water through deep orogenic faults: insights into the geothermal system at Grimsel Pass, Switzerland
<p>This repository contains all files needed to run the base case simulation with PFLOTRAN. The input file pflotran.in provides information about the data sources as annotations. .</p>
Genetic divergence across glacial refugia despite interglacial gene flow in a crested newt
<p>MtDNA-based phylogeography has illuminated the impact of the Pleistocene Ice Age on species distribution dynamics and the build-up of genetic divergence. The well-known shortcomings of mtDNA in biogeographical inference can be compensated by integrating multilocus data and species distribution modelling into phylogeography. We re-visit the phylogeography of the Italian crested newt (<i>Triturus carnifex</i>), a species distributed in two of Europe's main glacial refugia, the Balkan and Italian Peninsulas. While a new 51 nuclear DNA marker dataset supports the existence of three lineages previously suggested by mtDNA (Balkan, northern Italy and southern Italy), the nuclear DNA dataset also provides improved resolution where these lineages have obtained secondary contact. We observe geographically restricted admixture at the contact between the Balkan and northern Italy gene pools and identify a potential mtDNA ghost lineage here. At the contact between the northern and southern Italy gene pools we find admixture over a broader area, as well as asymmetric mtDNA introgression. Our species distribution model is in agreement with a distribution restricted to distinct refugia during Pleistocene glacial cycles and postglacial expansion with secondary contact. Our study supports: (1) the relevance of the north-western Balkan Peninsula as a discrete glacial refugium; (2) the importance of north-eastern Italy and the northern Apennine as suture zones; and (3) the applicability of a refugia-within-refugia scenario within the Italian Peninsula.</p>
Mapping the age of ice of Gauligletscher combining surface radionuclide contamination and ice flow modeling: Radionuclide data
<p>The data corresponds to 239-Pu and 236-U concentrations of 220 samples of ice collected along 5 flowlines at the surface of Gauligletscher in July 2019. Details about the data sampling and analysis can be found in the paper "Mapping the age of ice of Gauligletscher combining surface radionuclide contamination and ice flow modeling", by G. Jouvet, S. Röllin, H. Sahli, J. Corcho, L. Gnägi, L. Compagno, D. Sidler, M. Schwikowski, A. Bauder, and M. Funk. The Cryosphere, 2020.</p>
Data from: Archaeological Central American maize genomes suggest ancient gene flow from South America
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> ssp. <i>mays</i>) domestication began in southwestern Mexico ~9,000 calendar years before present (cal. BP) and humans dispersed this important grain to South America by at least 7000 cal. BP as a partial domesticate. South America served as a secondary improvement center where the domestication syndrome became fixed and new lineages emerged in parallel with similar processes in Mesoamerica. Later, Indigenous cultivators carried a second major wave of maize southward from Mesoamerica, but it has been unclear until now whether the deeply divergent maize lineages underwent any subsequent gene flow between these regions. Here we report ancient maize genomes (2,300-1,900 cal. BP) from El Gigante rock-shelter, Honduras, that are closely related to ancient and modern maize from South America. Our findings suggest that the second wave of maize brought into South America hybridized with long-established landraces from the first wave, and that some of the resulting newly admixed lineages were then reintroduced to Central America. Direct radiocarbon dates and cob morphological data from the rock-shelter suggest that more productive maize varieties developed between 4,300 and 2,500 cal. BP. We hypothesize that the influx of maize from South America into Central America may have been an important source of genetic diversity as maize was becoming a staple grain in Central and Mesoamerica.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Water and gas flow in dissociated hydrate-bearing sediments: flow characteristics, hysteresis and dynamic permeability
<p>Extracted pore network data;Fluid characteristics and simulation conditions</p>
Do different rates of gene flow underlie variation in phenotypic and phenological clines in a montane grasshopper community?
<p>Species responses to environmental change are likely to depend on existing genetic and phenotypic variation, as well as evolutionary potential. A key challenge is to determine whether gene flow might facilitate or impede genomic divergence among populations responding to environmental change, and if emergent phenotypic variation is limited by gene flow rates. A general expectation is that patterns of genetic differentiation in a set of co-distributed species reflect differences in dispersal ability. In less-dispersive species, we predict greater genetic divergence and reduced gene flow. This could lead to covariation in life-history traits due to local adaptation, although plasticity or drift could mirror these patterns. Here we compare genome-wide patterns of genetic structure in four phenotypically variable grasshopper species along a steep elevation gradient near Boulder, Colorado. We test the hypothesis that genomic differentiation is greater in short-winged grasshopper species, and statistically associated with variation in growth, reproductive and physiological traits along the elevational gradient. In addition, we estimate rates of gene flow under competing demographic models, as well as potential gene flow through surveys of phenological overlap among populations within a species. All species exhibit genetic structure along the elevation gradient and limited gene flow. The most pronounced genetic divergence appears in short-winged (less-dispersive) species, which also exhibit less phenological overlap among populations. A high elevation population of the most widespread species, <i>Melanoplus sanguinipes</i>, appears to be a sink population derived from low elevation populations. While dispersal ability has a clear connection to the genetic structure in different species, genetic distance does not predict growth, reproductive or physiological trait variation in any species, and evidence for local adaptation in these species remains equivocal.</p>
Data from:Identification of landscape features influencing gene flow: how useful are habitat selection models?
Understanding how dispersal patterns are influenced by landscape heterogeneity is critical for modelling species connectivity. Resource selection function (RSF) models are increasingly used in landscape genetics approaches. However, because the ecological factors that drive habitat selection may be different from those influencing dispersal and gene flow, it is important to consider their explicit assumptions. We calculated pairwise genetic distances among 301 Alaskan Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) using an intensive sampling effort and 15 microsatellite loci. We used multiple regression of distance matrices to assess the correlation of pairwise genetic distance and landscape resistance derived from an RSF, and combinations of landscape features hypothesized to influence dispersal. Dall's sheep gene flow was positively correlated with steep slopes, moderate peak normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI), and open land cover. Whereas RSF covariates were significant in predicting genetic distance, the RSF model itself was not significantly correlated with Dall's sheep gene flow, suggesting that certain habitat features important seasonally (rugged terrain, mid-range elevation) were not influential to breeding dispersal. This work underscores that consideration of both habitat selection and landscape genetics models in developing conservation strategies will ensure resources are managed to meet both the immediate survival needs of a species and allow for long-term genetic connectivity.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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