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5,510 results for “Foods”
Prey identity affects fitness of a generalist consumer in a brown food web
<p>These are datasets for the manuscript entitled "Prey identity affects fitness of a generalist consumer in a brown food web". Each data file contains counts of protists per 100uL of water when grown with individual strains (protist_counts_strains.csv) and mixtures of strains (protist_counts_mixed_strains.csv). </p> <p>Columns descriptions, protist_counts_strains.csv:</p> <p>1: Name - the name of the bacterial strain, combined with the protist genotype that it was grown with<br> 2: Bacterial_strain - the unique identifier for each bacterial strain<br> 3: strain_genus - the bacterial genus determined by 16S rRNA sequencing and NCBI BLAST<br> 4: Protist_genotype - the genotype of protist that the bacteria were grown with<br> 5: count_100uL - the number of protists that were counted per 100uL using a Palmer cell. <br> 6: Avg_area - the average cell area as measured using ImageJ software<br> 7: Biomass - the count_100uL x Avg_area to get some metric for biomass</p> <p>Columns descriptions, protist_counts_mixed_strains.csv:</p> <p>1: Mixture_name - the name of the bacterial mixture<br> 2: Protist_genotype - the genotype of protist that the bacteria were grown with<br> 3: count_per100uL - the number of protists that were counted per 100uL using a Palmer cell. <br> 4: mixture_ID - a descriptor name for each bacterial mixture based on how well the strains in the mixture performed in isolation<br> 5: description - a list of the bacterial strains added to the mixture</p>
Particle size and starch pasting properties analysis as important parameter for new food development by extrusion
<p>In the TRUE project, IGV GmbH has started the development and production of various foods from legumes. It was recognized that there are no methods to characterize the processing properties of the raw materials, especially for extrusion. In contrast to the processing of cereals, there is no experience with the functionality of the ingredients. It is not known which ingredients are still of the same quantity and quality. The manufacturers of legume flours and protein products (concentrates, isolates) currently do not offer any corresponding parameters. From own investigations and experiences it is known that parameters like particle size, starch pasting properties, hydration behaviour and the possibility or the ability to agglomerate the ingredients are decisive for the extrusion - but it is not known how this influence affects processing properties. One aim of the work package is to characterize these parameters and their influence of different legume products used for extrusion. This is based on the application of analytical methods which are carried out for the characteristics of cereal products. Finally, extrusion tests were carried out with the samples under standard conditions. Work carried out from 11/2017 to 02/2018 in the labs of IGV.</p>
Agricultural adaptation to reconcile food security and water sustainability under climate change: the case of cereals in Iran
<p>In this study, we simulate the crop yield and water footprint (WF) of major food crops of Iran on irrigated and rainfed croplands for the historical and the future climate. We assesse the effects of three agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change in terms of potential blue water savings. We then evaluate to what extent these savings can reduce unsustainable blue WF. We find that cereal production increases under climate change in both irrigated and rainfed croplands (by 2.6-3.1 and 1.4-2.3 million t y<sup>-1</sup>, respectively) due to increased yields (6.6%-78.7%). Simultaneously, the unit WF (m<sup>3</sup> t<sup>-1</sup>) tends to decrease in most scenarios. However, the annual consumptive water use increases in both irrigated and rainfed croplands (by 0.3-1.8 and 0.5-1.7 billion m<sup>3</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>, respectively). This is most noticeable in the arid regions, where consumptive water use increases by roughly 70% under climate change. Off-season cultivation is the most effective adaptation strategy to alleviate additional pressure on blue water resources, with blue water savings of 14-15 billion m<sup>3</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>. The second most effective is WF benchmarking, which results in blue water savings of 1.1-3.5 billion m<sup>3</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>. The early planting strategy is less effective, but still leads to blue water savings of 1.7-1.9 billion m<sup>3</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>. In the same order of effectiveness, these three strategies can reduce blue water scarcity and unsustainable blue water use in Iran under current conditions. However, we find that these strategies do not mitigate water scarcity in all provinces per se, nor all months of the year.</p>
Figures 16-22 from: Smith D, Janzen D (2013) Food plants and life histories of sawflies of the families Argidae and Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) in Costa Rica, a supplement. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 35: 17-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.35.5496
Figures 16-22 - 16 Adult of Eriglenum tristum 17 Cocoon of Atomacera josefernandezi on leaf 18 Cocoon of Eriglenum tristum on leaf 19 cocoon of Scobina lepida 20 Larva of Scobina notaticollis 21, 22 Larvae of Waldheimia lucianocapellii.
Figures 12-15 from: Smith D, Janzen D (2013) Food plants and life histories of sawflies of the families Argidae and Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) in Costa Rica, a supplement. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 35: 17-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.35.5496
Figures 12-15 - Lancets. 12 Atomacera josefernandezi 13 Atomacera ebena 14 Waldheimia lucianocapellii 15 Waldheimia fascipennis.
Figures 7-11 from: Smith D, Janzen D (2013) Food plants and life histories of sawflies of the families Argidae and Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) in Costa Rica, a supplement. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 35: 17-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.35.5496
Figures 7-11 - Waldheimia lucianocapellii. 7 Lateral 8 Dorsal 9 Face, front 10 Male genital capsule, ventral 11 Male penis valve, lateral.
Figures 1-6 from: Brown J, Janzen D (2013) A food plant specialist in Sparganothini: A new genus and species from Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). ZooKeys 303: 53-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.303.5230
Figures 1-6 - Features of the adult of Sparganocosma docsturnerorum. 1 Head of female (06-SRNP-42632) 2 Wing venation of male (01-SRNP-23411.11) 3 Holotype male (04-SRNP-40557) 4 Paratype female (04-SRNP-40558) 5 Male genitalia; USNM slide 142,039 (04-SRNP-42252) 6 Female genitalia; USNM slide 142,040 (04-SRNP-42248).
Figure 8-9 from: Tartally A, Koschuh A, Varga Z (2014) The re-discovered Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904): Host ant usage, parasitoid and initial food plant around the type locality with taxonomical aspects (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ZooKeys 406: 25-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.7124
Figure 8-9 - 8 Maculinea alcon X (Hochschwab area) 9 Maculinea rebeli (Hochschwab area) (photo: AK).
Figure 5-7 from: Tartally A, Koschuh A, Varga Z (2014) The re-discovered Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904): Host ant usage, parasitoid and initial food plant around the type locality with taxonomical aspects (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ZooKeys 406: 25-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.7124
Figure 5-7 - 5 Maculinea rebeli eggs on Gentianella rhaetica at Präbichl 6 Maculinea rebeli pupae under a stone in a Myrmica lobulicornis nest at Zeiritz 7 Maculinea alcon X pupae and a small larva found in Myrmica sabuleti nest at Sankt Ilgen, arrows sign infections with Ichneumon cf. eumerus (photo: AK).
Figure 1-4 from: Tartally A, Koschuh A, Varga Z (2014) The re-discovered Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904): Host ant usage, parasitoid and initial food plant around the type locality with taxonomical aspects (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). ZooKeys 406: 25-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.7124
Figure 1-4 - 1–2 Maculinea rebeli site at Zeiritz above the coniferous zone (1750 m) 3 Maculinea rebeli site at Präbichl above the coniferous zone (1600 m) 4 Maculinea alcon X site at Sankt Ilgen within the coniferous zone (photo: AK).
Figure 3 from: Horváthová T, Babik W, Bauchinger U (2016) Biofilm feeding: Microbial colonization of food promotes the growth of a detritivorous arthropod. ZooKeys 577: 25-41. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.577.6149
Figure 3 - The effect of diet source (A) and amount of biofilm (B) on the final body mass increase of woodlice (least square means ± SE) after two months of growth (AD, ADF and L represent an artificial diet, an artificial diet inoculated with single faecal pellet, and leaves, respectively). Please note that isopods started at the average body mass of 68.5 mg.
Figure 2 from: Horváthová T, Babik W, Bauchinger U (2016) Biofilm feeding: Microbial colonization of food promotes the growth of a detritivorous arthropod. ZooKeys 577: 25-41. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.577.6149
Figure 2 - The relationship between initial body mass and the final body mass increase of woodlice feeding on the three primary diets (AD, ADF and L represent an artificial diet, an artificial diet inoculated with single faecal pellet, and leaves, respectively) either with small (2 days) or large (8 days) amount of biofilm. Regression lines represent the pooled data either for 2 or 8 days.
Figure 1 from: Horváthová T, Babik W, Bauchinger U (2016) Biofilm feeding: Microbial colonization of food promotes the growth of a detritivorous arthropod. ZooKeys 577: 25-41. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.577.6149
Figure 1 - The scheme of the experimental design (A). The three primary diets: an artificial diet (AD), an artificial diet with a single faecal pellet of conspecific (ADF), and a single ash leaf (L) were split into two treatments (2d and 8d). With respect to these two treatments the food was renewed every 2 days or every 8 days to obtain food either substantially overgrown by biofilm or with marginal biofilm growth. Individuals were weighed at the beginning and the end of experiment. After final weighing, individuals were killed and the hindgut was dissected for molecular analyses. Part B shows fresh pellets of artificial diet (pictures left), which were renewed either every 2 days or every 8 days (pictures right).
Figure 8 from: Smrž J, Kováč L, Mikeš J, Šustr V, Lukešová A, Tajovský K, Nováková A, Režňáková P (2015) Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods. Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609
Figure 8 - Mesoniscus graniger, Zidită Cave, Romania – gut with food (plant remnants indicated by arrows). Stained with Masson's trichrome. Scale bar: 0.05 mm.
Figure 6 from: Smrž J, Kováč L, Mikeš J, Šustr V, Lukešová A, Tajovský K, Nováková A, Režňáková P (2015) Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods. Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609
Figure 6 - Folsomia candida – gut with microfungal conidia (arrows). Stained with Masson's trichrome. Scale bar: 0.02 mm
Figure 4 from: Smrž J, Kováč L, Mikeš J, Šustr V, Lukešová A, Tajovský K, Nováková A, Režňáková P (2015) Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods. Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609
Figure 4 - Trachysphaera costata – gut with microfungal conidia (arrows). Stained with Masson's trichrome. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.
Figure 5 from: Smrž J, Kováč L, Mikeš J, Šustr V, Lukešová A, Tajovský K, Nováková A, Režňáková P (2015) Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods. Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609
Figure 5 - Protaphorura armata – gut with bacterial cluster. Stained with Masson's trichrome. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.
Figure 2 from: Smrž J, Kováč L, Mikeš J, Šustr V, Lukešová A, Tajovský K, Nováková A, Režňáková P (2015) Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods. Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609
Figure 2 - Eukoenenia spelaea – gut, confocal microscopy. Autofluorescence under red channel (emission 588–683 nm, excitation 548–557–567 nm). White arrows = gut diverticula, green arrowheads = cyanobacteria, red arrowheads = glycogen deposits. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Figure 3 from: Smrž J, Kováč L, Mikeš J, Šustr V, Lukešová A, Tajovský K, Nováková A, Režňáková P (2015) Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods. Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609
Figure 3 - Pantelozetes cavaticus – mesenteron with concentric bolus. Black arrowheads = apocrine secretion of the walls of mesenteron, red arrowhead = particle of amorphous mass in food bolus. Stained with Masson's trichrome. Abbreviations: ba bacteria loosely out of food bolus fb food bolus g glycogen deposits go gonads me cavity of mesenteron. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.
Figure 1 from: Smrž J, Kováč L, Mikeš J, Šustr V, Lukešová A, Tajovský K, Nováková A, Režňáková P (2015) Food sources of selected terrestrial cave arthropods. Subterranean Biology 16: 37-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.8609
Figure 1 - Eukoenenia spelaea – gut with food (large cells, indicated by black arrows). Red arrowhead = plated cyanobacteria in cave substrate (inset), blue arrowheads = glycocalyx. Stained with Masson's trichrome. Abbreviation: g glycogen deposits. Scale bar: 0.02 mm.
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