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FIGURES 49–52 in Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). II. The genus Thysanoplisna Volynkin with descriptions of seven new species from Vietnam and mainland China
FIGURES 49–52. Male genitalia of Thysanoplisna spp. The specimens dissected are deposited in MWM/ZSM.
FIGURES 45–48 in Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). II. The genus Thysanoplisna Volynkin with descriptions of seven new species from Vietnam and mainland China
FIGURES 45–48. Male genitalia of Thysanoplisna spp. The specimens dissected are deposited in MWM/ZSM.
FIGURES 41–44 in Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). II. The genus Thysanoplisna Volynkin with descriptions of seven new species from Vietnam and mainland China
FIGURES 41–44. Male genitalia of Thysanoplisna spp. The specimens dissected are deposited in MWM/ZSM.
FIGURES 33–40 in Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). II. The genus Thysanoplisna Volynkin with descriptions of seven new species from Vietnam and mainland China
FIGURES 33–40. Adults of Thysanoplisna spp. (33–36), Caliginoptyx vientiana (37, 38), and Medioptyx kishidai (39, 40). Depositories of the specimens: 33–37, 39 and 40 in MWM/ZSM (37: ex CKC); 38 in CKC.
FIGURES 25–32 in Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). II. The genus Thysanoplisna Volynkin with descriptions of seven new species from Vietnam and mainland China
FIGURES 25–32. Adults of Thysanoplisna spp. Depositories of the specimens: 25, 26, and 29–31 in MWM/ZSM; 27, 28 and 32 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK).
FIGURES 1–8 in Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). II. The genus Thysanoplisna Volynkin with descriptions of seven new species from Vietnam and mainland China
FIGURES 1–8. Adults of Thysanoplisna spp. Depositories of the specimens: 1, 7 and 8 in MWM/ZSM; 2, 5 and 6 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3 and 4 in AFM.
FIGURES 62–67 in Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). II. The genus Thysanoplisna Volynkin with descriptions of seven new species from Vietnam and mainland China
FIGURES 62–67. Female genitalia of Thysanoplisna spp. The specimens dissected are deposited in MWM/ZSM.
FIGURE 2 in Tecunumania stothertiae (Cucurbitaceae): a new species from western Ecuador and a new generic record for South America
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny estimate for the tribe Cucurbiteae inferred with RAxML based on 652 nucleotides of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region plus 2875 nucleotides of four chloroplast DNA regions (matK gene, rpl20-rps12 spacer, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer). Likelihood bootstrap values>75% are shown at the nodes. The sampling includes all eleven accepted genera of the tribe Cucurbiteae. The arrow indicates the position of the Tecunumania stothertiae from Ecuador, the scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site per million years.
FIGURE 1. Tecunumania stothertiae Cornejo & H. Schaefer. A in Tecunumania stothertiae (Cucurbitaceae): a new species from western Ecuador and a new generic record for South America
FIGURE 1. Tecunumania stothertiae Cornejo & H. Schaefer. A, Staminate flower, lateral view; B, Staminate flower, frontal view; C, Staminate flower bud; D, Leaf blade, abaxial view; E, Sectioned fruit with foam indicating the presence of saponins; F, Mature seeds. Photographs taken from the holotype, Cornejo 9182 (GUAY).
Table 1 in Confirmed polyphyly, generic recircumscription and typification of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae), with revised disposition of currently accepted species
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Informative sites of each partition before and after the treatment by Gblocks (Castresana, 2000), displayed in percentages, for all sites including gaps and excluding gaps in brackets.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Partition</th><th>Informative sites</th><th>Informative sites after Gblocks</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>ETS</th><td>63% (58%)</td><td>62% (60%)</td></tr><tr><th>ITS</th><td>57% (50%)</td><td>52% (52%)</td></tr><tr><th><i>rps15-ycf1</i></th><td>14% (6%)</td><td>– (–)</td></tr><tr><th><i>trnL-F</i></th><td>15% (7%)</td><td>13% (7%)</td></tr><tr><th>All</th><td>35% (28%)</td><td>38% (35%)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: Phylogenomics using target-restricted assembly resolves intra-generic relationships of parasitic lice (Phthiraptera: Columbicola)
Parasitic "wing lice" (Phthiraptera: Columbicola) and their dove and pigeon hosts are a well-recognized model system for coevolutionary studies at the intersection of micro- and macroevolution. Selection on lice in microevolutionary time occurs as pigeons and doves defend themselves against lice by preening. In turn, behavioral and morphological adaptations of the lice improve their ability to evade host defense. Over macroevolutionary time wing lice tend to cospeciate with their hosts; yet, some species of Columbicola have switched to new host species. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence coadaptation and codiversification in this system will substantially improve our understanding of coevolution in general. However, further work is hampered by the lack of a robust phylogenetic framework for Columbicola spp. and their hosts. Previous attempts to resolve the phylogeny of Columbicola based on sequences from a few genes provided limited support. Here we apply a new approach, target restricted assembly, to assemble 977 orthologous gene sequences from whole-genome sequence data generated from very small, ethanol-preserved specimens, representing up to 61 species of wing lice. Both concatenation and coalescent methods were used to estimate the species tree. These two approaches yielded consistent and well-supported trees with 90% of all relationships receiving 100% support, which is a substantial improvement over previous studies. We used this new phylogeny to show that biogeographic ranges are generally conserved within clades of Columbicola wing lice. Limited inconsistencies are probably attributable to intercontinental dispersal of hosts, and host switching by some of the lice.
FIGURE 1 in The missing Eusarcus: generic relocation of Pucrolia minuta, with synonymic notes (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptidae)
FIGURE 1: Eusarcus minutus (Sørensen) comb. nov. A: Habitus in dorsal view, male from General Paz, Corrientes province, Argentina (LEA 000.422), scale 1 mm; B-C: Distal end of penis, male from Las Gamas, Santa Fe province, Argentina (MACN), B: dorsal view, C: lateral view, scale 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 7–19 in Generic definition, key, and two new species of Polyphrix Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) from the Atlantic Forest
FIGURES 7–19. Female Polyphrix spp. Head, dorsal: 7, P. atlantica n. sp., holotype; 8, P. cristata n. sp, holotype. Areolet: 9, P. atlantica n. sp., holotype; 10, P. atlantica n. sp., paratype. Pronotum, left: 11, P. atlantica n. sp., holotype; 12, P. cristata n. sp., holotype; 13, P. varians. Head, mesosoma and metasoma, dorsal: 14, P. atlantica n. sp., paratype; 15, P. cristata n. sp., holotype; 16, P. varians. Propodeum and transverse furrow at base of propodeum, dorsal: 17, P. atlantica n. sp., holotype; 18, P. cristata n. sp., holotype; 19, P. varians. Illustrations not to scale.
FIGURES 1–3 in Generic definition, key, and two new species of Polyphrix Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) from the Atlantic Forest
FIGURES 1–3. Polyphrix atlantica sp. n., Holotype ♀. 1, Pronotum and mesonotum, dorsal, left; 2, Propodeum and transverse furrow at base of propodeum, dorsal; 3, Ovipositor tip, left. Drawings by Rogério Lupo. Illustrations not to scale.
FIGURES 4–6 in Generic definition, key, and two new species of Polyphrix Townes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) from the Atlantic Forest
FIGURES 4–6. Polyphrix cristata sp. n., Holotype ♀. 4, Pronotum and mesonotum, dorsolateral, left; 5, Propodeum and transverse furrow at base of propodeum, dorsal; 6, Ovipositor tip, left. Drawings by Rogério Lupo. Illustrations not to scale.
FIGURES 101–102, 104, 107. Pheromone glands. 101 in Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography
FIGURES 101–102, 104, 107. Pheromone glands. 101. Virbia (H.) aurantiaca, Pg = gland width thin; gland appearance membranous; branching before the tip of the anterior apophyses. 102. Virbia (H.) costata. Pg = gland width large; glands unbranched. 104. Virbia (H.) nigricans, dorsal view. Pg = pheromone gland, width extra large and branching after tip of anterior apophyses, PsPa = ovipositor opening with pseudopapillae anales. 107. Virbia inversia. Pg = pheromone glands, slightly sclerotized, 8t = eighth tergite, Pa = papillae anales.
FIGURES 33–36. 33 in Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography
FIGURES 33–36. 33. Aedeagus, Virbia (H.) ostenta left, lateral view. Crn = cornutal patch, Dps = dorsal phallic sclerite reduced, Ve = vesica, state: bilobed, Ve1 = vesica lobe 1, Ve2 = vesica lobe 2. 34. Aedeagus, Virbia (H.) opella left, lateral view. Crn = cornutal patch, Dps = dorsal phallic sclerite state =absent, Ve = vesica, state = bilobed, Ve1 = vesica lobe 1, Ve2 = vesica lobe 2, state: rugose. 35. Aedeagus, Virbia inversia left, lateral view. Dps = dorsal phallic sclerite triangular, blunt, Ve = upper medialproximal projection left side of vesica present, with cornutuslike patch on underside. 36. Aedeagus, Virbia endophaea left, lateral view. Dps = dorsal phallic sclerite, state: triangular and sharp, PCrn = peglike cornuti, Pl = basiphallus, Pr = lobed projection.
FIGURE 114 in Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography
FIGURE 114. One of 779 shortest trees showing ancestral areas for five clades, B = central US and Canada, D = southwestern US and Mexico, E = Central America, F = western South America. Red = species originally placed in Holomelina, Blue = species placed in Virbia, Black = outgroups.
FIGURE 112 in Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography
FIGURE 112. Bursa complex, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, dorsal view. Female: Db = ductus bursae rectangular with left side rounded, Cb = two bursae present with common membranous duct.
FIGURE 111 in Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography
FIGURE 111. Bursa complex, Pyrrarctia isabella, ventral view. Db = ductus bursae long and rectangular, narrowing at exterior, vaselike, Ob = ostium bursae, long and rectangular, narrowing toward exterior, Cb = two bursae present with common membranous duct, Ovp = ovipositor opening lobed.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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