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12,309 results for “America”
Examining local and regional ecological connectivity throughout North America
<p>Output from 12 Omniscape model runs using three resistance surfaces and four moving window sizes (Belote et al. 2022, Landscape Ecology). Resistance surfaces were created through alternative transformations (varying c) of the 2015 estimates of human modification from Theobald et al. (2020). The radius of the circular moving windows were 30-km, 150-km, 300-km, or 700-km. Descriptions of directories are in the csv file called “folder descriptions.” There are three outputs within each of the 12 folders: cum_currmap, flow_potential, and normalized_cum_currmap. These are, respectively:</p> <p>1. Cumulative current flow: the total current flowing through the landscape – the result of the Omniscape algorithm described above.<br> 2. Flow potential (optional): current flow under "null" resistance conditions. Flow potential demonstrates what movement/flow would look like when movement is unconstrained by resistance and barriers. Flow potential is calculated exactly as cumulative current flow is, but with resistance set to 1 for the entire landscape.<br> 3. Normalized current flow (optional): calculated as cumulative current flow divided by flow potential. Normalized current helps identify areas where current is impeded or channelized (e.g. more or less current than expected under null resistance conditions). High values mean current flow is channelized, low values mean current is impeded.</p> <p>Descriptions of outputs above are quoted directly from https://docs.juliahub.com/Omniscape/uqaJf/0.4.3/.</p> <p><br> References:</p> <p>Belote, RT, Barnett K, Zeller K, Brennan A, and Gage J (2022) Examining local and regional ecological connectivity throughout North America. Landscape Ecology</p> <p>Theobald DM, Kennedy C, Chen B, et al (2020) Earth transformed: Detailed mapping of global human modification from 1990 to 2017. Earth System Science Data 12:1953–1972. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1953-2020</p>
Data for study on the permeability of biogeographic barriers to marine species on the east and west coasts of North America
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: We assess the role of contemporary oceanography and species traits in shaping observed patterns of biogeography over broad spatial scales.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Our study domain covers the east and west coasts of North America, from 30° to 73° on the east coast and 33° to 73° on the west coast.</p> <p><strong>Time Period</strong>: Hydrodynamic models use climatological fields from 1990 to 2015 on the east coast, and 1993 to 2018 on the west coast.</p> <p><strong>Major Taxa Studied:</strong> Model simulations represent larval dispersal for generalized benthic invertebrate species distributed in the subtidal zone from 10 m to 100 m depth, with planktonic larval durations ranging from 21–60 days.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We conducted a literature review to identify major biogeographic barriers along the east and west coasts of North America, and then assessed the permeability of these barriers to larval dispersal using Lagrangian Particle Tracking. We ran a series of simulations in which we varied the suitable habitat distribution, planktonic larval duration, and spawning seasonality of simulated larvae (i.e. particles) to assess the role of species traits on biogeography.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Our results showed a strong alignment of observed biogeographic barriers with larval dispersal patterns, with high variation in barrier permeability depending on the traits of the species considered. The location of suitable habitat and the season during which particle release occurred were the biological traits that drove much of the variation in barrier permeability among simulations on both coasts.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions</strong>: Our results indicate an important role of contemporary oceanographic and geographic features in determining the biogeography of species whose primary dispersal is during larval stages, suggesting that climate change is likely to alter patterns of species biogeography. Our results also demonstrate that species traits play a strong role in determining the location and strength of biogeographic barriers.</p>
ENSO influence on water vapor transport and thermodynamics over Northwestern South America
<p>Datasets used, generated and analysed during the study "ENSO influence on water vapor transport and thermodynamics over Northwestern South America"</p>
Automated Earthquake Catalogues for CHARGE & CHARSME/CSN networks in South America (Pampean Flat Slab)
<p>This repository includes:</p> <p>1. Gzipped automated catalogues of earthquake locations with P and S arrival times for:</p> <ul> <li>The CHARGE network - charge.data.gz</li> <li>The CHARSME and CSN networks - charsme_csn.data.gz</li> </ul> <p>2. A README explaining the information in each column </p>
Systemic infection of Bryoria (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) by Athelia (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in western North America
<p><em><span>Bryoria</span></em><span> (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is one of the dominant genera of hair lichens in western North America and is characteristic of high-elevation conifer forest ecosystems. In areas where <em>Bryoria</em> is abundant, it is common to find thalli in which the thalline filaments become conglutinated, forming brittle dead zones. After sampling <em>Bryoria</em> <em>thalli</em> across western Canada and the northwestern United States at different times of the year, we found this dieback phenomenon is associated with the winter growth of a mold-forming basidiomycete. We report that this fungus belongs to <em>Athelia</em> (Atheliaceae, Basidiomycota) a genus known to contain lichen pathogens, most notably <em>A. arachnoidea</em>. By sequencing a combination of genetic markers – nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), partial nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and partial translation elongation factor 1-α (<em>TEF1</em>) – paired with morphometric analyses, we reveal the involvement of at least three additional lineages of lichen-associated <em>Athelia</em> and describe one as a new species, <em>Athelia abscondita</em>. <em>A. abscondita</em> is morphologically distinguished from other <em>Athelia</em> species by its basidia and basidiospores, was found to frequently infect members of <em>Bryoria</em> sect. <em>Implexae</em>, and was occasionally on other foliose and fruticose species within Parmeliaceae.</span></p>
Snakes on a plain: Complex biotic and abiotic factors determine venom variation in North America's widest-ranging rattlesnake
<p><strong>Background</strong>. Snake venoms are trophic adaptations that represent an ideal model to examine the evolutionary factors that shape polymorphic traits under strong natural selection. Venom compositional variation is substantial within and among venomous snake species. However, the forces shaping this phenotypic complexity, as well as the potential integrated roles of biotic and abiotic factors, have received little attention. Here, we investigate geographic variation in venom composition in a wide-ranging rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus viridis viridis</em>) and contextualize this variation by investigating dietary, phylogenetic, and environmental variables that covary with venom.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>. Using shotgun proteomics, venom biochemical profiling, and lethality assays, we identify 2 distinct divergent phenotypes that characterize major axes of venom variation in this species: a myotoxin-rich phenotype and a snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP)-rich phenotype. We find that dietary availability and temperature-related abiotic factors are correlated with geographic trends in venom composition.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>. Our findings highlight the potential for snake venoms to vary extensively within species, for this variation to be driven by biotic and abiotic factors, and for the importance of integrating biotic and abiotic variation for understanding complex trait evolution. Links between venom variation and variation in biotic and abiotic factors indicate that venom variation likely results from substantial geographic variation in selection regimes that determine the efficacy of venom phenotypes across populations and snake species. Our results highlight the <a>implicit </a>influence of abiotic factors on biotic factors that ultimately shape venom phenotype, providing evidence for a central role of local selection as a key driver of venom variation.</p>
Data from: Contemporary distribution of non-native Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in South America
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The dataset incorporates information on Chinook salmon occurrences by basin in South America, which was obtained from the literature and from unpublished information obtained from research monitoring efforts conducted in Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. The information was divided into two periods: historical (prior to 2006) and contemporary information (2006 onwards). Year or range of years in which the observation was taken was also included. This dataset was used to construct Fig. 1 of the manuscript "<span class="fontstyle0">Contemporary distribution of non-native Chinook salmon (</span><em><span class="fontstyle2">Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</span></em><span class="fontstyle0">) in South America</span>".</span></p>
Figure 2 in Identification of Chironomus (Chironomus) melanescens Keyl, 1962 in North America
Figure 2. Anal tubule of North American larva.
Ecogeographic drivers of the spatial spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe and North America, 2016–2022
<p>H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have caused outbreaks in Europe among wild and domestic birds since 2016 and were introduced to North America via wild migratory birds in December 2021. We examined the spatiotemporal extent of HPAI viruses across continents and characterize ecological and environmental predictors of virus spread between geographic regions through constructing a Bayesian phylodynamic generalized linear model (phylodynamic-GLM). Findings demonstrate localized epidemics of H5Nx throughout Europe in the first several years of the epizootic, followed by a singular branching point where H5N1 viruses were introduced to North America, likely via stopover locations throughout the North Atlantic. Once in the US, H5Nx viruses spread at a greater rate between US-based regions and no evidence demonstrated spread back to any European region. We establish that geographic proximity is a predictor of virus spread between regions, which implies that inter-continental transport across the Atlantic Ocean is relatively rare. Increase in mean ambient temperature over time was predictive of reduced H5Nx virus spread, which may reflect the effect of climate change on declines in host species abundance, decreased persistence of the virus in the environment, or changes in migratory patterns due to ecological alterations. Our data provide new knowledge about the spread and directionality of H5Nx virus dispersal in Europe and North America during an actively evolving inter-continental outbreak, including predictors of virus movement between regions, which will contribute to surveillance and mitigation strategies as the outbreak unfolds, and in future instances of uncontained avian spread of HPAI viruses.</p>
Data from: A test of the green wave hypothesis in omnivorous brown bears across North America
<p>Herbivorous animals tend to seek out plants at intermediate phenological states to improve energy intake while minimizing consumption of fibrous material. In some ecosystems, the timing of green-up is heterogeneous and propagates across space in a wave-like pattern, known as the green wave. Tracking the green wave allows individuals to prolong access to higher-quality forage. While there is a plethora of empirical support for such behavior in herbivorous taxa, the green wave hypothesis (GWH) is nuanced based on factors such as body morphometrics and digestive capacity. Furthermore, little is known about whether other taxa, such as omnivores, track the green wave. Our objective was to assess whether the GWH can be extended to explain the movements of omnivores. Using GPS collar data from seven populations (n = 127 individuals) of brown bears (<em>Ursus</em> <em>arctos</em>) across their entire North American range, we first tested whether bears tracked the green wave. Using conditional resource selection functions, we found that variation in proxies of vegetative forage quality better-explained movement and habitat selection than proxies of forage biomass in over half of the bears in our study, providing evidence of green wave tracking. Second, we assess factors that explained variation in green wave tracking using linear mixed-effects models. Green wave tracking in brown bears was explained by the variation in availability of green-up within spring home ranges, and how green-up transitioned across those home ranges. Our results demonstrate that the GWH can partially explain movement of a non-migratory omnivorous species, extending the generality of the GWH as a broad predictor of animal space use. The green wave is another resource wave brown bears track, and our findings help predict brown bear space use, which can be used to guide conservation and habitat restoration efforts.</p>
Potential distribution dynamics of Araucaria (Araucariaceae) in South America
<p>The distribution dynamics of the genus <em>Araucaria</em> in South America over time was analyzed by obtaining species distribution models for <em>Araucaria angustifolia</em> and <em>A. araucana</em> from the Last Interglacial to present.</p>
Fig. 35 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 35. Known distribution of Tolteca Huber, 2000.
Geographical trends of soil-associated biodiversity changes due to tree plantations in South America: biome and climate constraints revealed through meta-analysis
<p><strong>Aim</strong></p> <p>Evaluate the interaction between climate and biome structure when explaining changes in species richness of soil-associated communities due to tree plantations developed in different biomes. Compare the response of plants, soil invertebrates, and soil microorganisms, and test whether they should be considered sensitive-coupled biotas. Location Continental South America.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong></p> <p>1996–2023 </p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied </strong></p> <p>Plants, soil invertebrates and soil microorganisms </p> <p><strong>Methods </strong></p> <p>Through a meta-analysis, the change in species richness (i.e., response ratio) associated with tree plantations was evaluated in 127 points of study across South America, considering soil-associated communities of plants, invertebrates and microorganisms. The influence of biome structure (open vs. closed habitats) on the response ratio and its interaction with the actual evapotranspiration (AET) and temperature seasonality was evaluated. Differentiated responses of different taxa were tested by comparing models with and without an interaction term referring to the taxon studied. The regional agricultural cover and plantation age were considered as anthropogenic variables.</p> <p><strong>Results </strong></p> <p>Models containing the AET were better at explaining the trend of change in species richness than those with temperature seasonality. The response to the change in species richness was oppositely related to the AET in open and closed biomes. Plants presented a higher loss in species richness than soil invertebrates and microorganisms. The three taxa were positively associated with AET, while seasonality was not relevant in any case. Both anthropogenic variables significantly lessened the change in species richness in all models. </p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong></p> <p>The structural contrast between the anthropogenic habitat and the biome where it is developed is a key factor influencing the response of soil-associated communities to tree plantations. Nevertheless, its influence must be assessed together with climatic and anthropogenic variables given that their interaction can explain different geographical trends in the change in species richness across regions.</p>
Population genomic analysis of an emerging pathogen Lonsdalea quercina affecting various species of oaks in western North America
<p>Previously unrecognized diseases continue to threaten the health of forest ecosystems globally. Understanding processes leading to disease emergence is important for effective disease management and prevention of future epidemics. Utilizing whole genome sequencing, we studied the phylogenetic relationship and within diversity of two populations of the bacterial oak pathogen <em>Lonsdalea</em> <em>quercina</em> from western North America (Colorado and California) and compared these populations to other <em>Lonsdalea</em> species found worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis separated Colorado and California populations into two well-supported clades within the genus <em>Lonsdalea</em>, with an average nucleotide identity between them near species boundaries (95.31%) for bacteria, suggesting long isolation. Populations comprise distinct patterns in genetic structure and distribution. Genotypes collected from different host species and habitats were randomly distributed within the California cluster, while most Colorado isolates from introduced planted trees were distinct from isolates collected from a natural stand of CO native <em>Q. gambelii,</em> indicating the presence of cryptic population structure. The distribution of clones in California varied, while Colorado clones were always collected from neighboring trees. Despite its recent emergence, the Colorado population had higher nucleotide diversity, possibly due to migrants moving with nursery stock. Overall results suggest independent pathogen emergence in two states likely driven by changes in host-microbe interactions due to ecosystem conditions changing. To our knowledge, this is the first study on <em>L. quercina</em> population structure. Further studies are warranted to understand evolutionary relationships among <em>L. quercina</em> populations from different areas, including the native habitat of red oak in northeastern USA.</p>
Justicia. America, Caribe Centro Norte . 2012 2021. Correlacción Contexto BM. Indice de Justicia, IMJ. Indice de Paz Positiva, IPP
<p>Justicia. America, Caribe Centro Norte . 2012 2021. Correlacción Contexto BM. Indice de Justicia, IMJ. Indice de Paz Positiva, IPP</p>
Justicia. America, Sur . 2012 2021. Correlacción Contexto BM. Indice de Justicia, IMJ. Indice de Paz Positiva, IPP
<p>Justicia. America, Sur . 2012 2021. Correlacción Contexto BM. Indice de Justicia, IMJ. Indice de Paz Positiva, IPP</p>
Arctic warming drives striking 21st century ecosystem shifts in Great Slave Lake (Subarctic Canada), North America's deepest lake
<p>Great Slave Lake, one of the world's largest and North America's deepest lake, has undergone an aquatic ecosystem transformation in response to 21st-century accelerated Arctic warming that is unparalleled in at least the past two centuries. Algal remains from a series of high-resolution palaeolimnological records retrieved from the West Basin provide baseline limnological data that we compared to historical limnological and phycological surveys undertaken on Great Slave Lake between the 1940s and 1990s. We document the rapid restructuring of algal community composition ca. 2000 CE that is consistent with recent increases in regional air temperature, as well as declines in ice cover and wind speed, that would collectively alter habitats for aquatic biota (e.g. thermal regime, vertical mixing, turbidity, light and nutrients). This new limnological regime initiated the first observation of scaled chrysophytes and favoured the rapid proliferation of small planktonic cyclotelloid diatoms that replaced the long-established dominance of large filamentous <em>Aulacoseira islandica</em> in West Basin sedimentary assemblages. Such rapid transformations in the primary producers of this socio-ecologically valuable "northern Great Lake" may have widespread implications for the entire food web with unknown consequences for aquatic ecosystem functioning and fisheries, which many northern and Indigenous communities depend upon.</p>
Brain cortical volume and area from Freesurfer's parcellation in a sample of healthy volunteers from South America
<p>This dataset aims to deepen the analysis of cortical gyral and sulcal asymmetry of the entire cerebral cortex of healthy adult individuals by quantifying the gray matter content of the right and left hemispheres in a reference sample from South America. The subjects were sampled from populations scarcely represented in MRI research, which tends to be biased towards groups of European ancestry from Europe and North America. In contrast, the population under study is an admixture of Native American, European, and African components that contributed to a variable extent to their gene pool. Consequently, this study will add to expanding the diversity in brain morphometric data and the construction of more population-representative references.</p>
Fig. 1. Zammara olioacea n in TWO NEW ZAMMARA SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HEMIPTERA: CICADOMORPHA: CICADIDAE)
Fig. 1. Zammara olioacea n.sp. type male. A. Dorsal view. Bar = 2 cm. B. Ventral view. Bar = 2 cm.
Geodatabase of ultramafic soils of the Americas
<p>This is a compiled geospatial dataset in ESRI polygon shapefile format of ultramafic soils of the Americas showing the location of ultramafic soils in Canada, the United States of America, Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Suriname, French Guiana, and Bolivia. The R code used to compile the dataset as well as an image of the compiled dataset are also included. </p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.