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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 4. Distribution of species of Idiops Perty, 1833 in the Neotropical region (part).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 3. Distribution of species of Idiops Perty, 1833 in the Neotropical region (part).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Four-point six-loop super-Yang-Mills integrand

The integrand contains data for 151653 diagrams, which are split between two types of files. First is the complete list of graphs in Graphs_SYM_6L.  The diagram count can quickly be verified by running the terminal command $ wc -l Graphs_SYM_6L The notation for each graph is as follows: g[k, v, i] -> {vertex_1, vertex_2, vertex_3, vertex_4,…} where each vertex is composed of a list of integers that correspond to outgoing edge (or leg) labels vertex_j = {edge_1, edge_2, edge_3,…} where edge labels that are negative correspond to incoming legs.    The momenta of the graph edges satisfy p_{edge} = -p_{-edge}, \sum_{edge \in vertex} p_{edge} = 0,   and for convenience we only make use of the independent momenta p_1 through p_9, where p_1, p_2, p_3 are the independent external momenta, and p_4, p_5, p_6, p_7, p_8, p_9 are the independent loop momenta. (The fourth external leg is here denoted by edge = 0, and we do not use its momentum.) The graphs are labeled by the shorthand name g[k, v, i] where k is the (Next-to)^k-maximal-cut level that they contribute to, and v is an index that groups the graphs according to which vacuum topology they belong to, and i is an index that distinguishes graphs of the same {k,v} class. For cubic vertices, {edge_1, edge_2, edge_3}, the ordering of the vertex is in one-to-one correspondence with the ordering of the color factor f^{a_{edge_1} a_{edge_2} a_{edge_3}}. Whereas for quartic and higher degree vertices, the information of the color factor is included in the numerator. As a consequence, the cubic vertices are ordered, whereas the higher degree vertices are unordered. The numerators corresponding to the diagrams are labeled as n[k, v, i] and they are collected into separate files Numers_SYM_6L_k_v according to their {k,v} class.  Verifying the total number of numerators can be accomplished via $ wc -l Numers_SYM_* where the total result should be 151653. All numerators contain Lorentz products between momentum, given by dij = p_i . p_j For k>= 1, the numerators also contain color factors c[vertex_i] for each higher-than-cubic vertex.  Each vertex's color factors have been reduced to an arbitrary (n-2)! half-ladder (Del Duca-Dixon-Maltoni [hep-ph/9910563]) basis for that vertex. This description is reproduced in the "ancillary_readme" file. Since Zenodo does not currently provide a "Download All" button, we suggest you use a Zenodo-targeted downloading tool like <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1261812">Zenodo_get</a>.  We will provide a ZIPed version in a future upload.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Recordings of electrical activity of four species of fungi

Recordings of electrical activity of four species of fungi ghost fungi Omphalotus nidiformis, Enoki fungi Flammulina velutipes, split gill fungi Schizophyllum commune and  caterpillar fungi Cordyceps militari.    Electrical activity of the fungi was recorded using pairs of iridium-coated stainless steel sub-dermal needle electrodes (Spes Medica S.r.l., Italy), with twisted cables and  ADC-24 (Pico Technology, UK) high-resolution data logger with a 24-bit A/D converter, galvanic isolation and software-selectable sample rates all contribute to a superior noise-free resolution.  Each pair of electrodes  reported a potential difference between the electrodes. The pairs of electrodes were pierced into the substrates colonised by fungi or, as in case of \emph{S. commune}, in the sporocarps.  Distance between electrodes was 1-2~cm.  We recorded electrical activity one sample per second. We recorded 8 electrode pairs simultaneously. During the recording, the logger has been doing as many measurements as possible (typically up to 600 per second) and saving the average value. The acquisition voltage range was 78~mV. S. commune has been recorded for 1.5 days, other species for c. 5 days.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Optical parametric amplification seeded by four-wave mixing in photonic crystal fibres

Open access dataset for figures in 'Optical parametric amplification seeded by four-wave mixing in photonic crystal fibres', accepted for publication in Nonlinear Frequency Generation and Conversion: Materials and Devices XXI, paper 11985-4, SPIE LASE Photonics West, 2022.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Data for article "Synthesis of Four-Membered BN3 Heterocycles by the Borylation of Triazenes"

This upload contains raw data (NMR, X-Ray, Elemental Analysis, Fluorescence) files for the article:  A. A. Suleymanov, R. Scopelliti, K. Severin,  "Synthesis of Four-Membered BN3 Heterocycles by the Borylation of Triazenes" Inorg. Chem. 2022, DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03309

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Leaf data of four families of broad-leaved plants

The data include two comma-delimited (csv) files and one word document. The data1.csv file saves the leaf raw data (including leaf lamina length, width, area, perimeter, fresh mass, and dry mass) from five groups of Phyllostachys edulis (Poaceae) differing in culm age. The bamboo plants grew in the Purple Mountain, Nanjing, China. The data2.csv file saves the leaf raw data (including leaf lamina length, width, area, perimeter, fresh mass, and dry mass) of 21 species from three families (nine Lauraceae species, six Fagaceae species and six Ulmaceae species) growing in Nanjing, China. Among the 21 species, we measured the data of leaf petiole fresh mass for the nine Lauraceae species. The word document (i.e., the metadata.docx file) is the metadata used to show the meanings of the column variables in each table.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 3. (Continued).

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Data from: How to date a crocodile – estimation of neosuchian clade ages and a comparison of four time-scaling methods

Clade ages within the crocodylomorph clade Neosuchia have long been debated. Molecular and morphological studies have yielded remarkably divergent results. Despite recent advances, there has been no comprehensive relative comparison of the major time calibration methods available to estimate clade ages based on morphological data. We used four methods (cal3, Extended Hedman [EH], smoothed Ghost-Lineage-Analysis [sGLA] and the Fossilised Birth-Death model [FBD]) to date clade ages derived from a published crocodylomorph supertree and a new neosuchian phylogeny. All time-scaling methods applied here agree on the origination of Neosuchia during the Late Triassic/Early Jurassic, and the presence of the major extant eusuchian groups (Crocodyloidea, Gavialoidea, Alligatoroidea, and Caimaininae) by the end of the Late Cretaceous. The number of distinct lineages present before the K/Pg boundary is less certain, with support for two competing scenarios in which Crocodylinae, Tomistominae and Diplocynodontinae either: 1) diverged from other eusuchian lineages before the K/Pg boundary; or 2) evolved during a 'burst' of diversification after the K/Pg event. Cal3 and FBD are identified as the most suitable methods for time-scaling phylogenetic trees dominated by fossil taxa. Extended Hedman estimates are substantially older than the others, with larger standard deviations and a strong vulnerability to taxon sampling and topological changes. sGLA has similar problems and cannot be recommended either. We conclude that a detailed understanding of phylogenetic relationships, tree reconstruction methods, and good taxonomic coverage (in particular the inclusion of the oldest taxon in each clade) is essential when evaluating the results of such dating analyses.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

High variation in hydraulic efficiency but not xylem safety between roots and branches in four temperate broad-leaved tree species

Xylem hydraulic safety and efficiency are key traits determining tree fitness in a warmer and drier world. While numerous plant hydraulic studies have focused on branches, our understanding of root hydraulic functioning remains limited, although roots control water uptake, influence stomatal regulation and have commonly been considered as the most vulnerable organ along the hydraulic pathway. We investigated 11 traits related to xylem safety and efficiency along the hydraulic pathway in four temperate broad-leaved tree species. Continuous vessel tapering from coarse roots to stems and branches caused considerable reduction in hydraulic efficiency. Wood density was always lowest in roots, but did not decline linearly along the flow path. In contrast, xylem embolism resistance (P50) did not differ significantly between roots and branches, except for one species. The limited variation in xylem safety between organs did not adequately reflect the corresponding reductions in vessel diameter (by ~70%) and hydraulic efficiency (by ~85%). Although we did not observe any trade-off between xylem safety and specific conductivity, vessel diameter, vessel lumen fraction and wood density were related to embolism resistance, both across and partly within organs. We conclude that coarse roots are not highly vulnerable to xylem embolism as commonly believed, indicating that hydraulic failure during soil drying might be restricted to fine roots.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Differences in network structure and connectivity of four (protected) Palearctic-Afrotropical flyways

Aim – Waterbirds that travel seasonally between Europe and Africa use wetlands along four major Palearctic-Afrotropical flyways. However, it is unknown to what extent the overall connectivity of these flyways may be threatened by ongoing habitat loss and degradation. Here, we contrasted the wetland connectivity along these four flyways, applying graph-theoretic connectivity metrics on an intercontinental scale. We also explored for which flyway connectivity is most at risk. We then identified the most important wetlands by their contribution to connectivity in each flyway. Location – Western Palearctic, Afrotropics Methods – Based on high-resolution wetland maps, we calculated directional probabilistic connectivity metrics. Estimates of overall connectivity of each flyway were obtained, as well as the relative importance of wetlands, for birds with different migration strategies: short-distance hoppers and long-distance jumpers. Results – The East-Atlantic flyway and Eastern Mediterranean flyway had higher overall functional connectivity than the two central routes, reflecting the larger barrier represented by the Mediterranean Sea and Sahara Desert. Fewer than 5% of all wetlands supported more than 70% of the total connectivity of the network in each flyway, regardless of the considered migration strategy. These wetlands were either large, strategically positioned, or both. Removing non-protected wetlands from the analysis showed that the connectivity of some flyways could be jeopardised and that the East-Atlantic and Eastern Mediterranean flyway may be most vulnerable to additional habitat loss. Main conclusions – Our results illustrate (1) the major contribution of unprotected wetlands to flyway connectivity, (2) the importance of integrating migration ecology into site-based connectivity analyses, and (3) the utility of graph-based connectivity metrics to inform conservation prioritisation under present and future scenarios.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

FIG. 3 in Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae)

FIG. 3. — Lectotype of Echinops lalesarensis Bornm., Bornmüller 4055 (B100093507).

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

FIG. 2 in Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae)

FIG. 2. — Lectotype of Echinops kerneri Heimerl, Pichler s.n. (WU0065667).

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

FIG. 1 in Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae)

FIG. 1. — Lectotype of Echinops ceratophorus Boiss., Kotschy 548 (G00765429).

opencc-by-nd-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Figure 26. Four frames from a in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 26. Four frames from a video of an adult female Colonus sylvanus in Greenville County, South Carolina. The transparency of the prosoma allowed a direct view of the movements of the AME. 1, This spider faced a Leucauge venusta (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) suspended under a nearby grass blade. The axis of the prosoma (blue line) and the optical axes of the AME (red lines) faced the prey directly. 2, The eye tube of the right AME moved to the left, shifting the axis of that eye to face the stem that would serve as an indirect route of access to that prey. 3-4, The spider slowly turned to the right, lowering its profile in the prey direction (upper left), and faced that access route. Subsequently, this Colonus slowly climbed the nearby stem, then moved under the attached grass blade to approach its prey, which was then captured with an upside-down jump. Active movement of the two AME tends to be loosely coupled, but each eye can also be moved independently a shown in (2).

Dataset: Reassessing the potential of TlCl for laser cooling experiments via four-component correlated electronic strucure calculations

This dataset collects the unprocessed (= outputs from calculations) results discussed in the paper titled "A Reassessing the potential of TlCl for laser cooling experiments via four-component correlated electronic strucure calculations", by Xiang Yuan and Andre Severo Pereira Gomes. It also contains the figures used in the manuscript, and the scripts to carry out the number of scattered photons and cooling simulations described in the paper

FIG. 7 in The biometry of prehistoric Alpine sheep: exploring four millennia of human-sheep interaction by means of osteometry

FIG. 7. — LSI of sheep bone width measurements in Early Bronze Age Barche di Solferino.

FIG. 8 in The biometry of prehistoric Alpine sheep: exploring four millennia of human-sheep interaction by means of osteometry

FIG. 8. — LSI of sheep bone width measurements in Early Iron Age Terra Negra.

Dataset from: Morphometric analyses of leaf shapes in four sympatric Medi-terranean oaks and hybrids in the Algerian Kabylie fores

Data correspond to the characterization of putative hybrids and oak species coexisting in a highly diversified oak forest in Algeria with four native oak species (Quercus suber, Q. ilex, Q. canariensis, and Q. afares). Sixteen plots, including 89 trees from the four native species and their putative hybrids were sampled. Leaves were scanned and their geometric morphometry analyzed by using 11 landmarks on the right side on their abaxial surface. Related paper: Akli, A.; Lorenzo, Z.; Alia, R.; Rahbi, K.; Torres, E. Morphometric analyses of leaf shapes in four sympatric Mediterranean oaks and hybrids in the Algerian Kabylie forest. Forests 2022, 13(4), 508  <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/f13040508">https://doi.org/10.3390/f13040508</a>