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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
Biome-BGC: Terrestrial Ecosystem Process Model, Version 4.1.1
Biome-BGC is a computer program that estimates fluxes and storage of energy, water, carbon, and nitrogen for the vegetation and soil components of terrestrial ecosystems. The primary model purpose is to study global and regional interactions between climate, disturbance, and biogeochemical cycles.Biome-BGC represents physical and biological processes that control fluxes of energy and mass. These processes include: New leaf growth and old leaf litterfall Sunlight interception by leaves and penetration to the ground Precipitation routing to leaves and soil Snow accumulation and melting Drainage and runoff of soil water Evaporation of water from soil and wet leaves Transpiration of soil water through leaf stomata Photosynthetic fixation of carbon from CO2 in the air Uptake of nitrogen from the soil Distribution of carbon and nitrogen to growing plant parts Decomposition of fresh plant litter and old soil organic matter Plant mortality Fire The model uses a daily time-step. This means that each flux is estimated for a one-day period. Between days, the program updates its memory of the mass stored in different components of the vegetation, litter, and soil. Weather is the most important control on vegetation processes. Flux estimates in Biome-BGC depend strongly on daily weather conditions. Model behavior over time depends on climate--the history of these weather conditions.A companion file with more information about Biome-BGC and its components is available at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/model_archive/BIOME_BGC/biome_bgc_4.1.1/comp/BiomeBGC_v411_release.pdf .Biome-BGC, Version 4.1.1 was developed and is maintained by the Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, School of Forestry, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. Additional information can be found on there web site at: http://www.ntsg.umt.edu/.
Global Distribution of Root Nutrient Concentrations in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Nutrient measurements for fine roots were compiled from 56 published studies providing information on 372 different combinations of species, root diameter, rooting depths, and soils at a variety of locations. The compilation was used to examine dynamics of 14 nutrients, including translocation properties of roots of varying size and status.Fine roots are an important source and sink for nutrients in terrestrial biogeochemistry. The data collected come from 56 published studies that give information on fine root (less than 5mm diameter) nutrient concentrations, root diameters, and retranslocation of nutrients. These studies include diverse vegetation and biomes, including grass, shrub, and tree functional types from temperate, tropical, boreal and tundra systems. The preponderance of data comes from experiments with temperate and coniferous trees.
Machine learning-based Arctic-boreal terrestrial ecosystem CO2 fluxes, 2001-2020
This dataset provides gridded estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) across the circumpolar terrestrial Arctic-boreal region at a 1-km spatial resolution. Monthly CO2 flux data from 2001 to 2020 were generated using terrestrial eddy covariance and chamber CO2 flux observations, combined with geospatial meteorological, remote sensing, topographical and soil data, all within a random forest modeling framework. Aggregated average annual NEE, average annual NEE with direct fire emissions added based on the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) product, and temporal trends in annual NEE rasters over 2002-2020 are also included. The data are provided in NetCDF and GeoTIFF formats.
CMS: Terrestrial Carbon Stocks, Emissions, and Fluxes for Conterminous US, 2001-2016
This dataset provides estimates of carbon pools, fluxes, and associated uncertainties across the contiguous USA (CONUS) at 0.5-degree resolution for all terrestrial land cover types. Carbon pools include labile carbon, foliar carbon, fine root, woody carbon, litter carbon, and soil organic carbon. Carbon fluxes include gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), net biome exchange, autotrophic respiration, and heterotrophic respiration. The modeled estimates are provided as monthly averages over the 16-year period, 2001 through 2016. The data were derived from the CARbon DAta MOdel fraMework (CARDAMOM) that included climate data, and above and below ground biomass maps of CONUS for the years 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2016 as input data sources to this model-data fusion framework. The input data were integrated into the CARDAMOM model to constrain on the terrestrial carbon and to specifically attribute changes of forest carbon stocks and spatial distributions of carbon emissions and removals across forested lands. United States Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plot data were used to train models for the prediction of forest above-ground biomass (AGB).
ABoVE: Terrestrial Lidar Scanning Forest-Tundra Ecotone, Brooks Range, Alaska, 2016
This dataset provides terrestrial lidar scanning (TLS) point cloud data collected at 10 research plots along the forest-tundra ecotone (FTE) in the Brooks Range of Alaska, south of Chandalar Shelf and Atigun Pass on the east side of the Dalton Highway. Data were collected in mid-June 2016. Data were acquired for each plot from multiple scan positions with a Leica ScanStation C10 green wavelength laser instrument. After processing the point spacing is < 1 cm. TLS enables resolution of 3-dimensional landscape features that can be used to derive ecologically important metrics of canopy structure and surface topography at high spatial resolution.
Net Carbon Dioxide and Water Fluxes of Global Terrestrial Ecosystems, 1969-1998
The variability of net surface carbon assimilation (Asmax), net ecosystem surface respiration (Rsmax), and net surface evapotranspiration (Etsmax) among and within vegetation types was examined based on a review of studies performed in either a micrometeorological setting or an enclosure setting. The majority of studies involved forests and C3 crops, particularly in the northern hemisphere; however, studies on tropical forests, C4 grasslands or wetlands were included. Data are presented for 133 published studies, although individual studies may not have measure all variables of interest.Despite large variations within a vegetation type, enclosure studies tended to give highest Asmax rates compared to micrometeorological techniques (Buchmann and Schulze 1999). Excluding enclosure studies, the investigators tested the effect of stand age and leaf area index (LAI) on net ecosystem gas exchange. The results from these analyses illustrate where gaps in scientific knowledge exist and how ecosystem properties affect the capacity of net ecosystem gas exchange.The information was collected from papers with publication dates from 1969-1998. Mean maximum flux rates for the period chosen by the authors were used instead of absolute maximum values for flux rates. Positive values stand for CO2 uptake by the vegetation and negative values represent CO2 release from the ecosystem. More information about the compilation can be found in Buchmann and Schultze (1999) or the individual studies cited in the data table.
Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications - 3 (OSTA3) Carbon Monoxide 5 degree by 5 degree data
MAPS Overview The MAPS experiment measures the global distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios in the free troposphere. Because of MAPS' previous flights on board the Space Shuttle, Earth system scientists now know that carbon monoxide concentrations in the troposphere are highly variable around the planet, and that widespread burning in the South American Amazon Basin and southern cerrados, the African savannahs,and the Australian grasslands and ranches are major sources of carbon monoxide in the southern hemisphere and tropical troposphere.InstrumentThe MAPS instrument is based on a technique called gas filter radiometry. Thermal energy from the Earth passes through the atmosphere and enters the viewport of the downlooking MAPS instrument. Carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere produce unique absorption lines in the transmitted energy. The energy which enters the MAPS instrument is split into & three beams. One beam passes through a cell containing CO and falls onto a detector. This CO gas cell acts as a filter for the effects of CO present in the middle troposphere. A second beam falls directly onto a detector without passing through any gas filter. The difference in the voltage of the signals from these two detectors can be used to determine the amount of CO present in the atmosphere at an altitude of 7-8 km. A third beam of the incident energy passes through a cell containing N2O and falls onto a detector. This N2O gas cell acts as a filter for the effects of N2O present in the atmosphere. The global distribution of N2O is well known, so the N2O signal can be used to detect the presence of clouds in the field of view and to correct the simultaneous CO measurement for systematic errors in the data. The data that are available from MAPS OSTA3 include a 5 by 5 degree gridded box (MAPS_OSTA3_5X5_HDF) and a second by second data product (MAPS_OSTA3_COSEC_HDF). These data sets are available from the Langley DAAC.
Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications - 3 (OSTA3) Carbon Monoxide Second by Second data
MAPS Overview The MAPS experiment measures the global distribution of carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios in the free troposphere. Because of MAPS' previous flights on board the Space Shuttle, Earth system scientists now know that carbon monoxide concentrations in the troposphere are highly variable around the planet, and that widespread burning in the South American Amazon Basin and southern cerrados, the African savannahs,and the Australian grasslands and ranches are major sources of carbon monoxide in the southern hemisphere and tropical troposphere.InstrumentThe MAPS instrument is based on a technique called gas filter radiometry. Thermal energy from the Earth passes through the atmosphere and enters the viewport of the downlooking MAPS instrument. Carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere produce unique absorption lines in the transmitted energy. The energy which enters the MAPS instrument is split into three beams. One beam passes through a cell containing CO and falls onto a detector. This CO gas cell acts as a filter for the effects of CO present in the middle troposphere. A second beam falls directly onto a detector without passing through any gas filter. The difference in the voltage of the signals from these two detectors can be used to determine the amount of CO present in the atmosphere at an altitude of 7-8 km. A third beam of the incident energy passes through a cell containing N2O and falls onto a detector. This N2O gas cell acts as a filter for the effects of N2O present in the atmosphere. The global distribution of N2O is well known, so the N2O signal can be used to detect the presence of clouds in the field of view and to correct the simultaneous CO measurement for systematic errors in the data.The data that are available from MAPS OSTA3 include a 5 by 5 degree gridded box (MAPS_OSTA3_5X5_HDF) and a second by second data product (MAPS_OSTA3_COSEC_HDF). These data sets are available from the Langley DAAC.
A single-cell atlas of West African lungfish respiratory system reveals evolutionary adaptations to terrestrialization
GEO Series GSE240094. Protopterus annectens. 48 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
The genetic basis of worker reproduction in Bombus terrestris
GEO Series GSE93274. Bombus terrestris. 20 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Changes in the liver transcriptome of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets based on terrestrial alternatives to fish meal and fish oil
GEO Series GSE106604. Salmo salar. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Costs of reproduction and their effect on age-related gene expression in Bombus terrestris queens
GEO Series GSE172422. Bombus terrestris. 70 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Fig. 6 in Cerrorchestia taboukeli sp. nov., a new terrestrial amphipod (Amphipoda, Talitridae) from Martinique Island
Fig. 6. Cerrorchestia taboukeli sp. nov. A. Live. B. Natural environment.
FIG. 22 in New species of subterranean and endogean terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Oniscidea) from Tuscany (central Italy)
FIG. 22. — Distributions of the seven new species of Oniscidea in Tuscany (central Italy).
A Satellite-Detected Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash Produced by a Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Leader
<p>The data supports the manuscript entitled “A Satellite-Detected Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash Produced by a Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Leader” that is submitted to GRL. These files can be opened by MATLAB. The data can be used freely for scientific purposes with appropriate citation.</p>
Rapid conversion of isoprene photooxidation products in terrestrial plants
<p>Dataset of the publication "Rapid conversion of isoprene photooxidation products in terrestrial plants", published in Communication Earth & Environment <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00041-2">https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00041-2</a></p>
Data from: Extrapolating body masses in large terrestrial vertebrates
Despite more than a century of interest, body-mass estimation in the fossil record remains contentious, particularly when estimating the body mass of taxa outside the size scope of living animals. One estimation approach uses humeral and femoral (stylopodial) circumferences collected from extant (living) terrestrial vertebrates to infer the body masses of extinct tetrapods through scaling models. When applied to very large extinct taxa, extant-based scaling approaches incur obvious methodological extrapolations leading some to suggest that they may overestimate the body masses of large terrestrial vertebrates. Here, I test the implicit assumption of such assertions: that a quadratic model provides a better fit to the combined humeral and femoral circumferences-to-body mass relationship. I then examine the extrapolation potential of these models through a series of subsetting exercises in which lower body-mass sets are used to estimate larger sets. Model fitting recovered greater support for the original linear model, and a nonsignificant second-degree term indicates that the quadratic relationship is statistically linear. Nevertheless, some statistical support was obtained for the quadratic model, and application of the quadratic model to a series of dinosaurs provides lower mass estimates at larger sizes that are more consistent with recent estimates using a minimum convex-hull (MCH) approach. Given this consistency, a quadratic model may be preferred at this time. Still, caution is advised; extrapolations of quadratic functions are unpredictable compared with linear functions. Further research testing the MCH approach (e.g., the use of a universal upscaling factor) may shed light on the linear versus quadratic nature of the relationship between the combined femoral and humeral circumferences and body mass.
Data from: Trading heat and hops for water: dehydration effects on locomotor performance, thermal limits, and thermoregulatory behavior of a terrestrial toad
Due to their highly permeable skin and ectothermy, terrestrial amphibians are challenged by compromises between water balance and body temperature regulation. The way in which such compromises are accommodated, under a range of temperatures and dehydration levels, impacts importantly the behavior and ecology of amphibians. Thus, using the terrestrial toad Rhinella schneideri as a model organism, the goals of this study were twofold. First, we determined how the thermal sensitivity of a centrally relevant trait—locomotion—was affected by dehydration. Secondly, we examined the effects of the same levels of dehydration on thermal preference and thermal tolerance. As dehydration becomes more severe, the optimal temperature for locomotor performance was lowered and performance breadth narrower. Similarly, dehydration was accompanied by a decrease in the thermal tolerance range. Such a decrease was caused by both an increase in the critical minimal temperature and a decrease in the thermal maximal temperature, with the latter changing more markedly. In general, our results show that the negative effects of dehydration on behavioral performance and thermal tolerance are, at least partially, counteracted by concurrent adjustments in thermal preference. We discuss some of the potential implications of this observation for the conservation of anuran amphibians.
Data from: Temporally inter-comparable maps of terrestrial wilderness and the Last of the Wild
Wilderness areas, defined as areas free of industrial scale activities and other human pressures which result in significant biophysical disturbance, are important for biodiversity conservation and sustaining the key ecological processes underpinning planetary life-support systems. Despite their importance, wilderness areas are being rapidly eroded in extent and fragmented. Here we present the most up-to-date temporally inter-comparable maps of global terrestrial wilderness areas, which are essential for monitoring changes in their extent, and for proactively planning conservation interventions to ensure their preservation. Using maps of human pressure on the natural environment for 1993 and 2009, we identified wilderness as all 'pressure free' lands with a contiguous area >10,000 km2. These places are likely operating in a natural state and represent the most intact habitats globally. We then created a regionally representative map of wilderness following the well-established 'Last of the Wild' methodology; which identifies the 10% area with the lowest human pressure within each of Earth's 60 biogeographic realms, and identifies the ten largest contiguous areas, along with all contiguous areas >10,000 km2.
Data from: Non-consumptive effects of a top-predator decrease the strength of the trophic cascade in a four-level terrestrial food web
The fear of predators can strongly impact food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning through effects on herbivores morphology, physiology or behaviour. While non-consumptive predator effects have been mostly studied in three-level food chains, we lack evidence for the propagation of non-consumptive indirect effects of apex predators in four level food-webs, notably in terrestrial ecosystems. In experimental mesocosms, we manipulated a four-level food chain including top-predator cues (snakes), mesopredators (lizards), herbivores (crickets), and primary producers (plants). The strength of the trophic cascade induced by mesopredators through the consumption of herbivores decreased in the presence of top-predator cues. Specifically, primary production was higher in mesocosms where mesopredators were present relative to mesocosms with herbivores only, and this difference was reduced in presence of top-predator cues, probably through a trait-mediated effect on lizard foraging. Our study demonstrates that non-consumptive effects of predation risk can cascade down to affect both herbivores and plants in a four-level terrestrial food chain and emphasises the need to quantify the importance of such indirect effects in natural communities.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.