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16,646 results for “four”
Fig. 2 in Phenotypic Diversities Of Four Populations Of Clarias Gariepinus (Siluriformes, Clariidae) Obtained From Ogun And Ondo State Waterbodies In South-Western Nigeria
Fig. 2. PCA loadings for the morphometrics of Clarias gariepinus obtained from the four rivers.
Figure 51 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula
Figure 51: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Jabal Samhan, Oman.
Figure 48 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula
Figure 48: Leiurus heberti sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Wadi Andur, Oman.
Figure 52 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula
Figure 52: Leiurus heberti sp. n., paratype female. Habitus, ventral aspect. Jabal Samhan, Oman.
Figure 13 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula
Figure 13: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, ventral aspect. Thumrait, Oman.
Figure 12 in A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula
Figure 12: Leiurus macroctenus sp. n., holotype male. Habitus, dorsal aspect. Thumrait, Oman.
Range-wide habitat use of the Harpy Eagle indicates four major tropical forest gaps in the Key Biodiversity Area network
<p>Quantifying habitat use is important for understanding how animals meet their requirements for survival and provides information for conservation planning. Currently, assessments of range-wide habitat use that delimit species distributions are incomplete for many taxa. The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a raptor of conservation concern, widely distributed across Neotropical lowland forests, that currently faces threats from habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we use penalized logistic regression to identify species-habitat associations and predict habitat suitability based on a new International Union for the Conservation of Nature range metric, termed Area of Habitat. From the species-habitat model, we performed a gap analysis to identify areas of high habitat suitability in regions with limited coverage in the Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) network. Range-wide habitat use indicated that Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70-75% evergreen forest cover, low elevation, and high vegetation species richness. Conversely, Harpy Eagles avoid areas of >10% cultivated landcover and mosaic forest, and topographically complex areas. Our species-habitat model identified a large continuous area of potential habitat across the pan-Amazonia region, and a habitat corridor from the Chocó-Darién ecoregion of Colombia running north along the Caribbean coast of Central America. Little habitat was predicted across the Atlantic Forest biome, which is now severely degraded. The current KBA network covered 18% of medium to high Harpy Eagle habitat exceeding a target biodiversity area representation of 10%, based on species range size. Four major areas of high suitability habitat lacking coverage in the KBA network were identified in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and north-west Brazil. We recommend these multiple gaps of habitat as new KBAs for strengthening the current KBA network. Modelled area of habitat estimates as described here are a useful tool for large-scale conservation planning and can be readily applied to many taxa.</p>
Underlying data for 'Rapid molecular assays for the detection of the four dengue viruses in infected mosquitoes'
<p>The pantropic emergence of severe dengue disease can partly be attributed to the co-circulation of different dengue viruses (DENVs) in the same geographical location. Effective monitoring for circulation of each of the four DENVs is critical to inform disease mitigation strategies. In low resource settings, this can be effectively achieved by utilizing inexpensive, rapid, sensitive and specific assays to detect viruses in mosquito populations. In this study, we developed four rapid DENV tests with direct applicability for low-resource virus surveillance in mosquitoes. The test protocols utilize a novel sample preparation step, a single-temperature isothermal amplification, and a simple lateral flow detection. Analytical sensitivity testing demonstrated tests could detect down to 1,000 copies/µL of virus-specific DENV RNA, and analytical specificity testing indicated tests were highly specific for their respective virus, and did not detect closely related flaviviruses. All four DENV tests showed excellent diagnostic specificity and sensitivity when used for detection of both individually infected mosquitoes and infected mosquitoes in pools of uninfected mosquitoes. With individually infected mosquitoes, the rapid DENV-1, -2 and -3 tests showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity (95% CI = 69% to 100%, n=8 for DENV-1; n=10 for DENV 2,3) and the DENV-4 test showed 92% diagnostic sensitivity (CI: <span>62% to 100%, n=12</span>) along with 100% diagnostic specificity (CI: 48–100%) for all four tests. Testing infected mosquito pools, the rapid DENV-2, -3 and -4 tests showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity (95% CI = 69% to 100%, n=10) and the DENV-1 test showed 90% diagnostic sensitivity (<span>55.50% to 99.75%, n=10</span>) together with 100% diagnostic specificity (CI: 48–100%). Our tests reduce the operational time required to perform mosquito infection status surveillance testing from > two hours to only 35 minutes, and have potential to improve accessibility of mosquito screening, improving monitoring and control strategies in low-income countries most affected by dengue outbreaks.</p>
Frequency dataset for "Profile-based measures of lexical variation. Four case studies on variation in word choice between Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch."
<p>The dataset is structured according to:</p> <ul> <li>the lexical field (CLOTHING, TRAFFIC, IT, and EMOTION);</li> <li>the part of speech (noun or adjective);</li> <li>the corpus;</li> <li>the concept;</li> <li>the term.</li> </ul> <p>It first gives the absolute frequency as found in the corpus and also after it was disambiguated. The concept frequency and relative frequency is calculated based on the "disambiguated" absolute frequency.</p> <p>More information can be found in this dissertation:</p> <p>Daems, Jocelyne. 2022. <em>Profile-based measures of lexical variation. Four case studies on variation in word choice between Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch. </em>KU Leuven.</p>
A tale of four bears: Environmental signal on the phylogeographical patterns within the extant Ursus species
<p>Aim: Assessing the relevance of niche evolution in the diversification patterns and geographical distribution of species driven by climate remains a challenge. We apply an integrative approach to evaluate the role of the environment on the phylogeography of bear species, incorporating fossil data to characterize the changes in the ecological niche through time. We evaluate our approach with the four extant species of bears within Ursus, the best represented taxon in the fossil record of the family Ursidae.</p> <p>Location: Eurasia and North America.</p> <p>Taxa: Asian black bear, Ursus thibetanus; American black bear, U. americanus; Brown bear, U. arctos; and Polar bear, U. maritimus.</p> <p>Methods: We built a genetic and a geographical database from all published mitochondrial DNA sequences and of species occurrence records. We defined the most significant climatic variables based on each species ecological realm using correlation matrices, and characterized the ecological niches and existing environmental conditions with ellipsoid models. We inferred their current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ecological niche modellings (ENMs) and compared the results with the fossil record. We estimated the times of divergence (d‐loop sequences) of lineages and applied a phyloclimatespace approach to discern the phylogeographical patterns along each species' ecological space.</p> <p>Results: Ecological niche modelling showed wider niches for U. thibetanus and U. americanus encompassing higher temperature and precipitation, while U. arctos and<br> U. maritimus showed an opposite pattern. LGM models were consistent with the fossil record, predicting 55%–89% of the fossil occurrences (within their suitability<br> areas). The phyloclimatespace revealed different degrees of environmental signal in the lineages' phylogeographical patterns and ecological trajectories associated with<br> LGM climatic conditions. Results indicated habitat tracking and ecological expansion since the LGM towards more extreme precipitation and temperature conditions for<br> three species, except U. maritimus that showed ecological niche reduction.</p> <p>Main Conclusions: Incorporating fossil information from the LGM improved our characterization and interpretation of ecological models, by enabling definition of the limits of the climatic conditions explored by the species in the past. Our approach also provided insights about the existing set of environmental conditions shaping the ecological niche divergence of Ursus bears. We were able to depict key features of the lineages' evolutionary history, ecology and distribution, revealing the dynamics of niche occupation and the environmental signal on the phylogeographical patterns of Ursus.</p>
GNSS-A data obtained at the SGO-A sites "TOS2", "KUM2", "FUKU", and "MYGI" for the identical four transponder-array
<p>Contains the GNSS-A data obtained by the Japan Coast Guard at the SGO-A sites "TOS2", "KUM2", "FUKU", and "MYGI" for the identical four transponder-array.</p> <p>The datasets are stored in the following directories and files for analyses after array determination:<br> -[initcfg]: contains initial site-parameter files<br> -[obsdata]: contains initial acoustic observation files<br> -[single-default]: contains the prep. results (without array-geometry constraint)<br> -[cfgfix]: contains site-parameter files for array-geometry constraint analysis<br> -[fix4sta-abic]: contains the empirical Bayes' results obtained with array-geometry constraint</p> <p>These data can be/were processed with <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6414642">GARPOS v1.0.1</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6825238">GARPOS-MCMC v1.0.0</a>.</p>
Fish assemblage composition of the four basins of Wannan Mountains, China
<p><span>Extensive distribution of widespread species and the loss of native species driven by anthropogenic disturbances modify community similarity, resulting in a decrease or increase in community distinctiveness. Data from four basins in the Wannan Mountains, China, were used to evaluate the effects of low-head dams on patterns of fish faunal homogenization and differentiation based on abundance data. We aimed to examine the spatial changes in taxonomic and functional similarities of fish assemblages driven by low-head dams and whether the changes in the similarity of fish assemblages differed between taxonomic and functional components. We found that low-head dams significantly decreased the mean taxonomic similarity but increased the mean functional similarity of fish assemblages in impoundments using abundance-based approaches, suggesting that taxonomic differentiation accompanied functional homogenization in stream fish assemblages. These results show the importance of population abundance in structuring fish faunal homogenization and differentiation at small scales, especially when the major differences among assemblages are in species abundance ranks rather than species identities. Additionally, we also found only a weak positive correlation between changes in mean taxonomic and functional similarities, and partial pairs exhibited considerable variation in patterns of fish faunal homogenization and differentiation for taxonomic and functional components. In conclusion, this study highlighted that the observed taxonomic differentiation of current fish assemblages (short-term phenomenon) is probably an early warning sign of further homogenization in regions where native species are completely predominated, and that changes in taxonomic similarity cannot be used to predict changes in functional similarity.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span>Low-head dam, Stream fish, Biotic homogenization and differentiation, Taxonomic and functional diversities</span></p>
Environmental data in the Afrotropics for geoxyles and congeners in four genera
<p>Extracted environmental data from points of occurrence in the genera <em>Lannea</em>, <em>Ozoroa</em>, <em>Parinari </em>and <em>Syzygium </em>for the following variables: temperature, temperature seasonality, precipitation, precipitation seasonality and dry season precipitation (Karger <em>et al.</em>, 2017); frost (Harris <em>et al.</em>, 2020); fire (Giglio <em>et al.</em>, 2018); herbivory (Hempson <em>et al</em>., 2015); TWI (Courtenay <em>et al</em>., in prep). </p>
Process simulation-based inventory data for the perovskite single-junction, Silicon (PERC) and four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar photovoltaic system life cycles
<p>Process simulation-based inventory data (mass and energy balances) for the perovskite single-junction, silicon (PERC architecture), and four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar photovoltaic system life cycles. The file "0 Overview of simulation flowsheets.xlsx" contains images of the 11 flowsheets that constitute the perovskite/silicon tandem simulation model, which encompasses the perovskite single-junction and silicon (PERC) simulation models. For each unit process shown in each of the flowsheet images, the corresponding Excel file in this repository (with the same name) contains the detailed mass and energy balances, as well as full compositions and thermochemical properties of all streams and the compounds in them. That is, streams are not assumed to consist of pure elements simply moving through the system together, but rather taking into account that streams consist of compounds in solution, which have different thermochemical properties than simple mixtures of the elements involved.</p> <p>Nine additional data files, the names of which start with "Inventory - " contain summarized inventory data for the production of 1000 perovskite single-junction, silicon (PERC), and silicon/perovskite tandem PV modules, each with no Si recycling (i.e. zero circularity), 50% Si recycling, and 100% Si recycling (i.e. full Si circularity).</p>
Soil microbes respond to four-year warming and precipitation alteration
<p><span>The alpine grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau store 23.2 Pg soil organic carbon (SOC), which becomes susceptible to microbial degradation with climate warming. However, accurate prediction of how the soil carbon (C) stock changes under future climate warming is hampered by our limited understanding of below-ground complex microbial communities. Here, we show that 4 years of warming strongly stimulated methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) uptake by 93.8% and aerobic respiration (CO<sub>2</sub>) by % in the soils of alpine grassland ecosystem. Due to no significant effects of warming on net ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> exchange (NEE), the warming-stimulated CH<sub>4</sub> uptake enlarged the carbon sink capacity of whole ecosystem. Furthermore, precipitation alternation didn't alter such warming effects, despite the significant effects of precipitation on NEE and soil CH<sub>4</sub> flux</span><span><span>es</span><span> were observed. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that </span></span><span>warming led to significant shifts in the overall microbial community structure and the abundances of functional genes, which contrasted to no detectable changes after 2 years of warming. Carbohydrate utilization genes were significantly increased by warming, corresponding with significant increases in soil aerobic respiration. Increased methanotrophic genes and decreased methanogenic genes were observed under warming, which significantly (<em>R<sup>2</sup> </em>= 0.59, <em>P</em> < 0.001) correlated with warming-enhanced CH<sub>4</sub> uptakes. Furthermore, 212 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered, including many populations involved in the degradation of various organic matter and a highly-abundant methylotrophic population of the <em>Methyloceanibacter</em> genus. Collectively, our results provide compelling evidence that specific microbial functional traits for CH<sub>4 </sub>and CO<sub>2</sub> cycling processes respond to climate warming with differential effects on soil greenhouse gas emissions. Alpine grasslands may play huge roles in mitigating climate warming through such microbially-enhanced CH<sub>4</sub> uptake.</span></p>
Figures 401–402 in Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n
Figures 401–402: Reddyanus ranawanai sp. n., female paratype (401) and male holotype (402).
Figures 480–481 in Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n
Figures 480–481: Heterometrus gravimanus, male (480) and female (481) at locality 15CE.
Figures 376–377 in Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n
Figures 376–377: Reddyanus loebli from locality 15CH, male (376) and female with newborns (377).
Figures 150–151 in Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n
Figures 150–151: Isometrus thwaitesi from locality 15CF, male (150) and female (151).
Figures 125–126 in Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n
Figures 125–126: Hottentotta tamulus from locality 15CK, female (125) and male (126).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.