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FIGURE 4 in Diversity, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the "Niphargus borutzkyi" ingroup (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Niphargidae) in Western Georgia, SW Caucasus
FIGURE 4. Niphargus rachalechkhumensis sp. nov., holotype, ³, ZMMU Mb-1245, Sakishore Cave: a—pereopod III; b— dactylus of PIII; c—pereopod IV; d—dactylus of pereopod V; e—pereopod V; f—dactylus of pereopod V; g—pereopod VI; h—dactylus of pereopod I; i—pereopod VII; j—dactylus of pereopod II.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships among 32 in Jumping continents and major host lineages: phylogeny and diversity of the enigmatic Cryptotropidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea)
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships among 32 taxa of the Microphalloidea resulting from Bayesian analysis of partial sequences of the 28S ribosomal DNA gene. Posterior probabilities> 80% are shown above internodes. Species sequenced in the present paper are in bold. Branch length scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Abbreviations of digenean families: Col, Collyriclidae; Cry, Cryptotropidae; Lec, Lecithodendriidae; Mic, Microphallidae; Pha, Phaneropsolidae; Ple, Pleurogenidae; Pro, Prosthogonimidae; Sto, Stomylotrematidae. Abbreviations for geographical regions: IM, Indo‐Malayan realm; NT, Neotropical realm.
Phylogenetic relationships of Tilia (Malvaceae) inferred from multiple nuclear loci and plastid genomes
<p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Premise of research.</span></em><strong><span> </span></strong><em><span>Tilia</span></em><span> is a<strong> </strong>Eurasian-eastern North American disjunct plant genus with great economic and ecological importance. However, a robust phylogeny has not been established with a comprehensive taxon sampling and a large amount of data. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Methodology</span></em><span>. We obtained DNA sequences of plastomes and multiple nuclear loci using the anchored hybrid enrichment technique and next generation sequencing technology. Orthologous nuclear loci were inferred using tree-based methods. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum parsimony, Bayesian, and coalescence-based species tree methods. Parentages of polyploids were inferred from the nuclear and plastid phylogenies. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Pivotal results</span></em><span>. <em>Craigia yunnanensis</em> is sister to <em>Tilia</em>, within which <em>T.</em> <em>endochrysea</em> endemic to southern China is the earliest lineage diverging followed by the European species <em>T. platyphyllos</em>. The European <em>T. cordata</em> and eastern Asian <em>T. amurensis</em> and <em>T. kiusiana </em>form a clade, while the North American <em>T. americana</em> is most closely related to the eastern and western Asian species complex including <em>T. chingiana</em>, <em>T. mandshurica</em>, <em>T. oliver</em>, and western Asian <em>T. tomentosa</em>. Significant incongruence exists between nuclear and plastid phylogenies.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Conclusions</span></em><span>. Our phylogenetic results<em> </em>suggest that there are six distinctive lineages or species complexes in the genus including 1) T. <em>endochrysea</em>, 2) <em>T. platyphyllos</em>, 3) <em>T. kiusiana</em>, 4) <em>T. cordata </em>and<em> T. amurensis</em>, 5) <em>T. chingiana</em>, <em>T. miqueliana</em>, <em>T. oliveri</em>, and 6) <em>T. tomentosa</em>, and <em>T. americana</em>. They may be divided into two sections (<em>Trichophilyra</em> and <em>Tilia</em>) and three subsections (<em>Tilia</em>, <em>Lindnera</em>, and <em>Trabeculares</em>). The prevalent incongruence between nuclear and plastid confirms the importance of ancient hybridization and introgression in the evolutionary history of the genus. Polyploid species in Eurasia and their corresponding diploid parental lineages may have formed a hybrid swarm in the region.</span></p>
FIGURES 12–13 in Bunites distigma (Brullé, 1837): discovery of the second- and third-instar larvae and phylogenetic relationships within the Colymbetinae (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
FIGURES 12–13. Habitat of larvae of Bunites distigma (Brullé, 1837): (12) landscape in Abra de Salvear, Yala-Termas de Reyes road, Jujuy Province, Argentina; (13) portion of the roadside pond where the larvae were collected.
FIGURE 14 in Bunites distigma (Brullé, 1837): discovery of the second- and third-instar larvae and phylogenetic relationships within the Colymbetinae (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
FIGURE 14. Strict consensus cladogram obtained from the cladistic analysis, with Bremer support values indicated above branches and Bootstrap values higher than 50 indicated below branches.
FIGURES 8–11 in Bunites distigma (Brullé, 1837): discovery of the second- and third-instar larvae and phylogenetic relationships within the Colymbetinae (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
FIGURES 8–11. Bunites distigma (Brullé, 1837), instar III larva: (8) head, dorsal aspect (color pattern not represented); (9) abdominal segment VIII and urogomphi, dorsal aspect; (10) left prothoracic leg, anterior aspect; (11) right prothoracic leg, posterior aspect. CO: coxa; FE: femur; FR: frontoclypeus; LAS: last abdominal segment; PA: parietal; PT: pretarsus; TA: tarsus; TI: tibia; TR: trochanter; U: urogomphus. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 15 in Bunites distigma (Brullé, 1837): discovery of the second- and third-instar larvae and phylogenetic relationships within the Colymbetinae (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
FIGURE 15. One of the two most parsimonious cladograms obtained from the cladistic analysis, with character state changes mapped (using ACCTRAN optimization) for all Colymbetinae clades. Numbers in bold underlined indicate character state transformations that are unique within the subfamily.
FIGURES 1–7 in Bunites distigma (Brullé, 1837): discovery of the second- and third-instar larvae and phylogenetic relationships within the Colymbetinae (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
FIGURES 1–7. Bunites distigma (Brullé, 1837). (1–3) Adults with different elytral color pattern, dorsal aspect: (1) elytra predominantly black with small ferrugineous macula on external margin very weakly marked; (2) elytra predominantly black with small ferrugineous macula on external margin well marked; (3) elytra black with large ferrugineous macula extending anteriorly and at base. (4–5) Instar III larva: (4) head, dorsal aspect; (5) abdominal segments VII–VIII and urogomphi, dorsal aspect. (6–7) Instar II larva: (6) head, dorsal aspect; (7) abdomen, dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 4 mm for Figs 1–3 and 1 mm for Figs 4–7. For a picture of instar I see Michat et al. (2017).
Data from: Phylogenetic relationships within the lizard clade Xantusiidae: using trees and divergence times to address evolutionary questions at multiple levels
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Data from: Species richness and patterns of overdispersion, clustering and randomness shape phylogenetic and functional diversity-area relationships in habitat islands
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Data from: Description and phylogenetic relationships of two new species of miniature Arthroleptis (Anura: Arthroleptidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania
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Data from: Genomic data reveals potential for hybridization, introgression, and incomplete lineage sorting to confound phylogenetic relationships in an adaptive radiation of narrow-mouth frogs
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Data from: Phylogenetic relationships of the Early Miocene diving and flightless duck Cayaoa bruneti (Aves, Anatidae) from Patagonia: homology or convergence?
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Data from: Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in Heuchera (Saxifragaceae) on the basis of multiple nuclear loci
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Data from: Ancestral remnants or peripheral segregates? Phylogenetic relationships of two narrowly endemic Euphrasia species (Orobanchaceae) from the eastern European Alps
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Data from: Phylogenetic relationships of Iranian Allium sect. Allium (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae) as inferred from nrDNA ITS, cpDNA rps16 and trnL–F sequences
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Data from: Phylogenetic relationships in Orobanchaceae inferred from low-copy nuclear genes: consolidation of major clades and identification of a novel position of the non-photosynthetic Orobanche clade sister to all other parasitic Orobanchaceae
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Data from: Influence of introgression and geological processes on phylogenetic relationships of western North American mountain suckers (Pantosteus, Catostomidae)
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Data from: Phylogenetic relationships in Asarum (Aristolochiaceae): effect of data partitioning and a revised classification
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Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dating of Mantodea using mitochondrial phylogenomics
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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