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Fig. 4 in Effect of abiotic variables on fish eggs and larvae distribution in headwaters of Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Fig. 4. Values of the local variables of temperature and dissolved oxygen (a), pH and electrical conductivity (b), transparency and flow velocity (c), and width and depth (d), obtained in the headwaters of the Cuiabá River between November 2007 and March 2008.
Figure 1 in Phenology and impact of abiotic factors with a temporal lag on the abundance of common crab spider, Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1757) (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the agroecosystems of Kashmir
Figure 1. Survey areas of Xysticus cristatus in Kashmir valley (ArcGIS package-version 10.2.2).
Mapping the páramo land cover in the Northern Andes: Figure S4 Expert land-cover classification of the Andean páramo and distribution according to three groups: natural vegetation, natural abiotic and anthropogenic, and 12 classes
<p>The Andean páramo is a biodiverse and vulnerable tropical high-mountain region, whose spatio-ecological patterns remain understudied. The lack of general characterization of its overall extent, land-cover classes, and treeline spatial features hinders our capacity to understand its responses to human impacts and predict future land-system changes. To address this knowledge gap, we classified the land-cover of the páramo in the northern Andes. Moreover, we estimated 1) the páramo's total extent and distribution among countries, 2) the relative extent of 12 of its main land-cover classes, categorized into <i>natural vegetation, natural abiotic</i> and <i>anthropogenic </i>groups, and 3) the preliminary position and anthropogenic influence of its bordering treeline. Relying on Landsat 8 imagery, we performed hybrid manual-automated classifications using the Maximum Likelihood and Random Forest algorithms. The two resulting <i>final classifications</i> were manually checked for errors compared to Google Earth and VegPáramo data, and used to produce the <i>expert classification</i>. Finally, we delimited the treeline based on regional forest connectivity, and applied it to the expert classification to evaluate páramo elevations, surface areas and land-cover classes above the treeline. The páramo extent was estimated at 24,301 km<sup>2</sup>, distributed between Ecuador (47%), Colombia (43%), Venezuela (8%) and Peru (2%). Natural vegetation, especially shrublands, rosette plant communities and grasslands were dominant (altogether, 65%), whereas classes reflecting intense land-use covered 12% overall. The average treeline reached 3546 m and was bordered uphill at 16% with anthropogenic land-cover classes. The páramo's extent is smaller than previously suggested. It remains a (semi-) natural region, yet crop and pasture expansion towards high elevations is a critical concern for long-term sustainability. Future research can build on our findings to predict land-system changes and assess priority areas for conservation. We recommend for future research to focus on remnant forest patches and treeline connectivity in priority.</p>
Exposure to lysed bacteria can promote or inhibit growth of neighboring live bacteria depending on local abiotic conditions
Abstract Microbial death is extremely common in nature, yet the ecological role of dead bacteria is unclear. Dead cells are assumed to provide nutrients to surrounding microbes, but may also affect them in other ways. We found that adding lysate prepared from dead bacteria to cultures of Escherichia coli in nutrient-rich conditions suppressed their final population density. This is in stark contrast with the notion that the primary role of dead cells is nutritional, although we also observed this type of effect when we added dead bacteria to cultures that were not supplied with other nutrients. We only observed the growth-suppressive effect of our dead-bacteria treatment after they had undergone significant lysis, suggesting a key role for cellular contents released during lysis. Transcriptomic analysis indicated changes in gene expression in response to dead cells in growing populations, particularly in genes involved in motility. This was supported by experiments with genetic knockouts and copy-number manipulation. Because lysis is commonplace in natural and clinical settings, the growth-suppressive effect of dead cells we describe here may be a widespread and previously unrecognized constraint on bacterial population growth.
Tipping the balance: the role of seed density, abiotic filters, and priority effects in seed-based wetland restoration
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk98319335"></a>Sowing native seeds is a common approach to reintroduce native plants to degraded systems. However, this method is often overlooked in wetland restoration despite the immense global loss of diverse native wetland vegetation. Developing guiding principles for seed-based wetland restoration is critical to maximize native plant recovery, particularly in previously invaded wetlands. Doing so requires a comprehensive understanding of how restoration manipulations, and their interactions, influence wetland plant community assembly. With a focus on the invader <em>Phragmites australis, </em>we established a series of mesocosm experiments to assess how native sowing density, invader propagule pressure, abiotic filters (water and nutrients), and native sowing timing (i.e., priority effects) interact to influence plant community cover and biomass in wetland habitats. Increasing the density of native seeds yielded higher native cover and biomass, but <em>P. australis</em> suppression with increasing sowing densities was minimal. Rather, community outcomes were largely driven by invader propagule pressure—<em>Phragmites australis</em> densities of <span><span>≤ 500 seeds/m<sup>2</sup> maintained high native cover and biomass. Low-water conditions increased the susceptibility of <em>P. australis</em> to native competition. </span>Early sowing of native seeds showed a large and significant benefit to native cover and biomass, regardless of native sowing density, suggesting that priority effects can be an effective restoration manipulation to enhance native plant establishment.<em> </em></span><span><span>Given the urgent wetland restoration need combined with the limited studies on seed-based wetland restoration, these findings provide guidance on restoration manipulations that are grounded in ecological theory to improve seed-based wetland restoration outcomes.</span></span></p>
Importance of invasion mechanisms varies with abiotic context and plant invader growth form
<p><span>1. Many invasion hypotheses propose biotic interactions as the main mechanism to explain non-native species' success. Despite the evidence that the strength of biotic interactions varies with abiotic context, it remains unclear whether the importance of the different mechanisms proposed to explain invasion predictably varies with abiotic context and whether this variation is consistent across different growth forms.</span></p> <p><span>2. We reviewed studies at a global scale to evaluate whether evapotranspiration, latitude, precipitation, and temperature influence the importance of disturbance, enemy release, facilitation, and novel weapons mechanisms to explain non-native plant invasions. In total, we calculated 171 effect sizes for ~300 non-native plant species covering a wide range of environmental conditions and growth forms.</span></p> <p><span>3. Environmental context and plant growth form influenced the role played by each invasion mechanism. The importance of disturbance in facilitating invasion exhibited a quadratic relationship with latitude and temperature and decreased with increasing precipitation. In mixed communities and trees, disturbance was mediated by either evapotranspiration, latitude, precipitation, or temperature. Enemy release exhibited a quadratic relationship with evapotranspiration, latitude, and precipitation, and was positively related to temperature. The importance of enemy release was also contingent on growth form and was highly context-dependent, enemy release responses for grasses, and trees were modulated by either evapotranspiration, latitude, precipitation, or temperature. The importance of facilitation decreased with increasing temperature. In forbs, facilitation decreased with evapotranspiration and temperature. The importance of novel weapons was more strongly confirmed for studies conducted at lower evapotranspiration, precipitation, and higher latitudes, and exhibited a quadratic relationship with temperature.</span></p> <p><span>4. Synthesis. Our results show that environmental conditions not only filter non-native species depending on physiological tolerances but may also influence the importance of invasion mechanisms.</span></p>
Data from: Effects of abiotic environmental factors and land use on the diversity of carrion-visiting silphid beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae): a large scale carrion study
[No abstract entered]
Figure 7. A in Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant
Figure 7. A. The Genus level in Bacteria (bar chart), the 12genera of the five bacteria were detected at the level of the phylum. Based on the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA region. The relative most abundance in the taxonomic composition distribution in samples of Genus -level (pie chart) as a percentage of the total bacteria isolated from roots and leaves endophyte region. Based on the full-length 16S rRNA sequences. (B) and (C) The most abundant genera found in the phylum of Actinobacteria. (D) The most abundant genus found in the phylum of Cyanobacteria. Roots samples: Roots.1, Roots.2, and Roots.3. Leaves samples: Leaves.1, Leaves.2, and Leaves.3 are associated with Senna italica.
Figure 2 in Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant
Figure 2. Different curve based on observed Shannon value and Inversed Simpson value. Roots samples: Roots.1, Roots.2, and Roots.3. Leaves samples: Leaves.1, Leaves.2, and Leaves.3 are associated with Senna italica.
Figure 4 in Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant
Figure 4. Beta diversity analysis. Unweighted PCoA of UniFrac distances, Principal coordinate analysis illustrates differences between bacterial communities in senna italica roots and leaves. Two first components (PC1 and PC2) were plotted and represented 94.33% of whole inertia. Roots samples: Roots.1, Roots.2, and Roots.3. Leaves samples: Leaves.1, Leaves.2, and Leaves.3 are associated with Senna italica. The red triangle indicates Leaves.1. The green triangle indicates Root.1. The purple triangle indicates Root.2. The yellow square indicates Root.3. The blue square indicates Leaves.2. The orange circle indicates Leaves.3.
Figure 2 in The effect of some abiotic factors on morphometrical parameters of the female stage of the Rhizoglyphus robini (Astigmata: Acaridae) in the saffron field
Figure 2. Female body length, width and legs length diagram of R. robini based on Fan and Zhang (2004) (Original image: scale bar: 150 µm).
Figure 1 in The effect of some abiotic factors on morphometrical parameters of the female stage of the Rhizoglyphus robini (Astigmata: Acaridae) in the saffron field
Figure 1. Rhizoglyphus robini damage on saffron corms (Original image: scale bar: 10 mm). The arrows show mites in white.
Fig. 1 in Gastrointestinal parasite infestation in the alpine mountain hare (Lepus timidus varronis): Are abiotic environmental factors such as elevation, temperature and precipitation affecting prevalence of parasite species?
Fig. 1. Frequency of the number of parasite types. Frequency of the number of parasite types detected per Alpine mountain hare faeces in percent (n = 52) in Vorarlberg (Austria) during the years 2014 and 2015 within an altitudinal range of 1551–2073 m a.s.l.
Fig. 1 in Biotic factors are more important than abiotic factors in regulating the abundance of Plutella xylostella L., in Southern Brazil
Fig. 1. Climatic variables recorded during field surveys in the county of Colombo, Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Climate data shown are: rainfall (column), mean temperature (solid line), minimum temperature (dashed line) and maximum temperature (dotted line).
Data from: Abiotic heterogeneity underlies trait-based competition and assembly
1. The fitness of individual species depends on their ability to persist and establish at low densities, just as the diversity of ecological communities depends on the establishment and persistence of low-density, 'invader' species. Theory predicts that abiotic conditions and the competitive make-up of resident communities jointly shape invader fitness, limiting the phenotypic identity of successful invaders. 2. We use an invasion experiment to ask how competitive traits of 20 introduced plant species alter their absolute fitness in fragments that differ in size, abiotic conditions and traits of the resident community. 3. We show that abiotic conditions interact with both invader traits and resident functional diversity to determine invader survival. Optimal invader traits depended on the soil characteristics, while greater resident trait diversity lowered invader fitness and had especially strong effects in low resource environments. Unlike other abiotic conditions, fragment size had consistent effects irrespective of invader identity, decreasing survival in larger fragments. 4. Synthesis. Our results illustrate how the abiotic environment mediates the effects of resident and invader traits on establishment, creating fitness landscapes that structure local diversity and the functional identities of successful species.
Fig. 4 in Fish larvae from the upper Paraná River: Do abiotic factors affect larval density?
Fig. 4. Scatterplot between the first Detrended Correspon- dence Analysis axis (DCA1) scores and the Principal Components [PC1 (a) and PC2 (b)] retained for interpretation. (A=Amambaí River, I=Ivaí River, P=Paraná River and R= Itaipu Reservoir).
Data from: Biotic and abiotic factors shaping bat activity in Maryland soybean fields
<p>Data and code for <em>Ecosphere</em> publication, "Biotic and abiotic factors shaping bat activity in Maryland soybean fields." @susanrw</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4575">https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4575</a></p>
Importance of invasion mechanisms varies with abiotic context and plant invader growth form
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Data from: Data from: Seasonal polyphenism of Spotted-wing Drosophila is affected by variation in local abiotic conditions within its invaded range, likely influencing survival and regional population dynamics
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Data from: Biotic and abiotic plant-soil feedback depends on nitrogen-acquisition strategy and shifts during long-term ecosystem development
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