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Fig. 4 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 4. Range of possible habitual head angles in the basal sauropodomorph Massospondylus (A) and the sauropods: Camarasaurus (B) and Diplodocus (C). Heads shown with HSSC oriented horizontally, and tilted 30° upwards and 20° downwards, the range of habitual orientations found for birds by Duijm (1951). Black bars indicate the angles of the anterior necks in neutral position relative to heads with HSCCs held horizontal. Massospondylus BP/1/4376 after Sues et al. (2004: fig. 1A), Camarasaurus CM 11338 after Gilmore (1925: pl. 16), Diplodocus USNM 2672 after Hatcher (1901: pl. 2).

Fig. 1. Recent Cape hare Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R2 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 1. Recent Cape hare Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R2 in right lateral view, illustrating maximally extended pose (A) and ONP (B): skull, cervical vertebrae 1–7 and dorsal vertebrae 1–2. Note the very weak dorsal deflection of the base of the neck in ONP, contrasting with the much stronger deflection illustrated in a live rabbit by Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 4).

Fig. 3 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 3. Phylogeny indicating high−level relationships between tetrapod groups, habitual neck posture in extant groups, and inferred posture in sauropods. Cervical vertebrae shaded dark grey. Lissamphibia: Ambystoma tigrinum, after Simons et al. (2000: fig. 4); Mammalia: domestic cat Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758, after Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 3B); Testudines: box turtle Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758), after Landberg et al. (2003: fig. 8); Squamata: Savannah monitor Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792), after Owerkowicz et al. (1999: fig. 2A); Crocodylia: alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin 1801), after unpublished photograph; Aves: chicken Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758), after Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 7); Sauropoda: Diplodocus carnegii, modelled after vertebrae in Hatcher (1901: fig. 4, pl. 3).

Fig. 5 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 5. Sauropod Brachiosaurus brancai reconstructions with low and high torso positions. Neck in ONP, in a drinking posture (A), and in a browsing posture (B) attained by deflecting the neck dorsally by the same amount as it is deflected ventrally to reach the ground. Torso, appendicular skeleton and ONP neck from Stevens and Parrish (2005b: fig. 6.8). Cervical joints deflected by 8° from ONP. See text for full details.

Fig. 2. Recent chicken Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R1 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 2. Recent chicken Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R1 in right lateral view, illustrating maximally extended pose (A) and ONP (B): last four cervical and first four dorsal vertebrae. Note the strong ventral deflection of the base of the neck in ONP, contrasting with the very strong dorsal deflection illustrated in a live chicken by Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 7).

Fig. 4 in Silicified and phosphatized Tianzhushania, spheroidal microfossils of possible animal origin from the Neoproterozoic of South China

Fig. 4. Tianzhushania in thin−section of phosphorites from the Weng'an area. A. Tianzhushania ornata (Xiao and Knoll, 2000) comb. nov., MESIG 10008 (42.1/98.2), cross−section view of specimen lacking the surrounding multilamellar outer covering (arrow in A1 shows position of A2); A2, close−up of A1, showing contour of prominences. B. Tianzhushania sp., MESIG 10008 (59.7/96.2), cross−section view of surface tubercles. C. Tianzhushania sp., MESIG 10007 (19.1/84.3), equatorial view of the tubercular wall.

Fig. 7 in Silicified and phosphatized Tianzhushania, spheroidal microfossils of possible animal origin from the Neoproterozoic of South China

Fig. 7. Phosphatized globular fossils from Doushantuo phosphorites in the Weng'an area. A. MESIG 21070, Tianzhushania ornata (Xiao and Knoll, 2000) comb. nov. with enclosed smooth internal body. B–J. Parapandorina raphospissa Xue et al. 1995. B. MESIG 20296, two−cell stage. C. MESIG 21027, four−cell stage. D. MESIG 20304. E. MESIG 21031. F. MESIG 21033, eight−cell stage. G. MESIG 21037. H. MESIG 20252. I. MESIG 20258. J. MESIG 21129, possible later stages. K, L. Globular fossils with smooth envelope. K. MESIG 20211. L. MESIG 21122.

Fig. 3. A in Silicified and phosphatized Tianzhushania, spheroidal microfossils of possible animal origin from the Neoproterozoic of South China

Fig. 3. A. Tianzhushania sp. with possible two−cell stage cleavage from thin sections of chert in the Weng'an area, MESIG 10003 (44/89.6); A1, general view, showing the wall and internal structures; note that the internal body is cleaved into two; arrow shows position of A2; A2, enlarged view of A1, showing details of the structure of the envelope. B. Typical Tianzhushania spinosa Yin and Li, 1978, found in a chert nodule from eastern Yangtze Gorges, MESIG 10006 (40.1/94.2); B1, general view, for comparison with the specimen (Fig. 2A) found in the Weng'an area (arrow shows position of B2); B2, enlarged view of B1, showing details of the structure of the wall (arrow points to external membrane between two bundles of processes).

Fig. 6 in Silicified and phosphatized Tianzhushania, spheroidal microfossils of possible animal origin from the Neoproterozoic of South China

Fig. 6. Phosphatized Tianzhushania ornata (Xiao and Knoll, 2000) comb. nov. in Doushantuo phosphorites at Weng'an. A. MESIG 21042; A2, detail of A1, showing a part of outer covering surrounding the envelope with tubercles. B. MESIG 21045, specimen preserving part of outer covering. C. MESIG 21064; note the internal membrane. D. MESIG 20303, showing shrunken internal body with membrane and secondary overgrowth on internal body. E. MESIG 20190, polygons with fractal branching; note numerous dimples at top. F. MESIG 21076; F2, detail of F1, showing details of irregularly distributed dimples. G. MESIG 21078, polygonal envelope ornamentation; note that dimples also occur on arches. H. MESIG 21009; H2, detail of H1, showing deflated envelope and details of envelope ornamentation. I. MESIG 21026, deflated envelope with envelope ornamentation.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Fig. 2 in Diversity of fecal parasitomes of wild carnivores inhabiting Korea, including zoonotic parasites and parasites of their prey animals, as revealed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing

Fig. 2. Relative abundance of all parasite genera detected from fecal samples of wild carnivores in Korea. The relative abundance of each parasite is defined as the ratio of the number of sequence reads assigned to that parasite to the total number of sequence reads assigned to all target parasites.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Diversity of fecal parasitomes of wild carnivores inhabiting Korea, including zoonotic parasites and parasites of their prey animals, as revealed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing

Fig. 1. Diversity of fecal parasitomes of wild carnivores in Korea. The results shown are based on the diversity of zero-radius operational taxonomic units (ZOTUs) that were taxonomically assigned to parasites. (a) Comparison of richness and diversity of parasite ZOTUs between host animals estimated by the Chao1 estimator and Shannon index, respectively. (b) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots showing the structure and membership of parasite ZOTUs represented by the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and Jaccard index, respectively. In the panel (a), one asterisk (*) and two asterisks (**) represent p <0.05 and p <0.01, respectively, by the post hoc Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The abbreviation "ns" represents no statistical difference.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Molecular detection and characterization of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis in captive wild animals rescued from central Colombia

Fig. 1. Cryptosporidium species in wild animals kept in captivity. The chord diagram shows the relation between Cryptosporidium species and the order and species of infected animals.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Fig. 2 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 2. Cluster dendrogram showing parasite species detected in mammalian hosts. Sequences detected in each specimen using nUPDx were clustered alongside parasite-derived reference sequences of known identity obtained from GenBank. These reference sequences are labelled on the dendrogram branch tips (where appropriate). A peripheral color-coded heat map ring indicates the host animal from which the parasite-derived sequence was detected. Gray branches and blocks on the heat map reflect the position of reference sequences within the tree. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 1. Schematic describing the nested UPDx protocol employed in this study. This schematic provides a summary of the nested UPDx (nUPDx) protocol originally described by Flaherty et al. (Flaherty et al., 2021). Briefly, the DNA extract is subjected to a restriction digestion using the PstI restriction enzyme, and the digest product is subjected to PCR1 using primers 5'TTGATCCTGC- CAGTAGTCATATGC'3 (outer forward) and 5'GGTGTGTA- CAAAGGGCAGGGAC'3 (outer reverse). The resultant ~2 kb amplicon is digested using the restriction enzymes BamHI and BsoBI. The digest product is then subjected to PCR2 using internal primers 5'CCGGAGAGGGAGCCTGAGA'3 (inner forward) and 5'GAGCTGGAATTACCGCGG'3 (inner reverse) originally described by Flaherty et al. (Flaherty et al., 2018, 2021). The amplicon of PCR2 (~200 base pairs) is finally subjected to Illumina amplicon sequencing.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Fig. 3 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 3. Cluster dendrogram showing parasite species detected in avian and reptilian hosts. Sequences detected in each specimen using nUPDx were clustered in this dendrogram alongside parasite-derived reference sequences of known identity obtained from GenBank. These reference sequences are labelled on the dendrogram branch tips (where appropriate). A peripheral color-coded heat map ring indicates the host animal from which the parasite-derived sequence was detected. Gray branches and blocks on the heat map reflect the position of reference sequences within the tree. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Fig. 1. a in Parasitological examination results of zoo animals in Germany between 2012 and 2022

Fig. 1. a) Trichodina spp. from a koi; b) Egg of Ascaridia platyceri from a Platycercus elegans; c) Egg of Oxyurida from a turtle; d) Egg of Enterobius vermicularis from a chimpanzee; e) Haematomyzus elephantis from an elephant; f) Ornithonyssus bacoti from a hamster.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Denmark's Not-So-Oldest Sheep: An Update on Domestic Animals from the Femern Project

Sheep and goats are often considered to be the oldest livestock animals in Denmark. In this contribution, we present the results of ZooMS measurements from seven ovicaprid bones from the Femern project, an excavation in the area of the former Syltholm Fjord (Lolland, Denmark). The bones were morphologically identified as sheep or goats and represented the oldest dated remains of both species in Denmark. However, the ZooMS analysis showed that more than half of the morphological identifications were incorrect. For the other samples, we refined the identifications. Hence, our study confirms that indications of sheep and goat husbandry based on bone morphology alone should be treated with caution. The probability of misidentification in our case was high, even in the case of well-preserved bones.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

ALICE Pb-Pb Run 2 event display with red/blue tracks: animation

<div> This animated event display shows tracks in a Pb-Pb event recorded during Run 2 of the LHC. Individual tracks are shown following a red/blue colour code according to their charge, and tracks expand outwards with a velocity calculated with their measured momenta and using the pion mass hypothesis. Outer detectors are not shown for simplicity.  </div>

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Conservation of animal genome structure is the exception not the rule

Species from diverse animal lineages, including molluscs, annelids, echinoderms, hemichordates, and cephalochordates, have retained groups of orthologous genes on the same chromosomes for over half a billion years since the last common ancestor of bilaterians. Though there are notable exceptions, it has been proposed that the conservation of chromosome-scale gene linkages is the norm among animals. Here, by examining interchromosomal rearrangements in 64 chromosome-level genomes across 15 bilaterian phyla and at least 52 classes, we show that, though striking, cases of genome structure conservation are exceptionally rare. The ubiquity of massive genome rearrangements suggests that, in general, chromosome-scale gene linkages are of minimal importance to animal genome function. This project includes gene models for 14 genome assemblies annotated in this study, with files available for coding sequences (*.fasta), protein sequences (*.faa), and gene annotations in GTF format (*.gtf), as detailed below. Additionally, a spreadsheet containing all accession numbers and genome metadata for 64 bilaterian genomes and 3 cnidarian genomes is provided as a Supplemental Dataset. - Amphiscolops sp. MND2022 (acoel worm; phylum Xenacoelomorpha) - Antedon bifida (crinoid; phylum Echinodermata) - Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (horseshoe crab; phylum Arthropoda) - Convolutriloba macropyga (acoel worm; phylum Xenacoelomorpha) - Emplectonema gracile (ribbon worm; phylum Nemertea) - Gordius sp. MW1 (horsehair worm; phylum Nematomorpha) - Hypsibius dujardini (water bear; phylum Tardigrada) - Ophiura sarsii (brittle star; phylum Echinodermata) - Schizocardium californicum (acorn worm, phylum Hemichordata) - Schmidtea mediterranea (planarian; phylum Platyhelminthes) - Strigamia acuminata (centipede; phylum Arthropoda) - Styela plicata (tunicate; phylum Chordata) - Trichinella spiralis (nematode; phylum Nematoda) - Trididemnum miniatum (tunicate; phylum Chordata) Custom R scripts are available at our GitHub repository (https://github.com/symgenoevolab/animal_genome_structure) under the MIT License.