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FIGURE 17 in Descriptions of four new sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Thoracica: Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae)

FIGURE 17. Acasta huangi sp. nov. Mandible (A̅C), mandibular palp (D̅F) and labrum (G, H) (Holotype). A, mandible; B, inferior angle with 3 denticles and stout setae; C, upper part with bifid second teeth; D, mandibular palp; E, outer margin; F, serrulate setae on distal lobe; G, labrum; H, teeth on crests. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 32 in Descriptions of four new sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Thoracica: Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae)

FIGURE 32. Acasta undulaterga sp. nov. Complete shell, scuta and terga (Holotype). A, view from lateral; B, C, view from rostrum; D, view from carina; E, external view of scuta; F, internal view of scuta; G, external view of terga (one with broken spur); H, internal view of terga (one with broken spur). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 16 in Descriptions of four new sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Thoracica: Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae)

FIGURE 16. Acasta huangi sp. nov. Maxillae (A̅D) and maxillule (E̅H) (Holotype). A, maxillae; B, terminal part of distal lobe; C, distal lobe; D, inner edges of distal lobes; E, maxillule; F, upper part of cutting edge; G, straight cutting edge with 9 cuspidate setae; H, lower part of cutting edge. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 15 in Descriptions of four new sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Thoracica: Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae)

FIGURE 15. Acasta huangi sp. nov. Cirri V (A̅D), VI (E, F) and penis (G̅I) (Holotype). A, cirrus V, posterior ramus broken; B, C, proximal segments of anterior and posterior rami; D, serrate setae on tip of anterior ramus; E, cirrus VI, anterior ramus broken; F, terminal segment of posterior ramus; G, penis; H, basal part; I, terminal part. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 25 in Descriptions of four new sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Thoracica: Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae)

FIGURE 25. Acasta sulcata. Complete shell, scuta and terga (ASIZCR000369). A, view from rostrum; B, view from lateral; C, view from carina; D, view from orifice showing the whole shell; E, view from basis; F, external view of scuta; G, internal view of scuta; H, external view of terga; I, internal view of terga. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 23 in Descriptions of four new sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Thoracica: Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae)

FIGURE 23. Acasta radenta sp. nov. Maxillae (A̅D) and maxillule (E̅H) (Holotype). A, maxillae; B, terminal parts; C, upper lobe; D, basal part; E, maxillule; F, lower part; G, upper part; H, straight cutting edge showing 10 cuspidate setae. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 1 in Descriptions of four new sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Thoracica: Archaeobalanidae: Acastinae)

FIGURE 1. Collection sites of the sponge-inhabiting barnacle Acasta species in Taiwan and Australia.

FIGURE 3 in Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., a burrowing barnacle (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) from the deep-waters of the South China Sea

FIGURE 3. Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., mouth parts (light microscopy). (A) Labrum, lateral view. (B, C) Mandibles. (D, E) Maxillules. (F) Maxillae. (G) Mouth cirrus. Abbreviations: ba—basis, co—coxa, dpl—dorsal process of labrum, er— external/posterior ramus, ir—internal/anterior ramus, mdp—mandibular palp, oes—oesophagus. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 2 in Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., a burrowing barnacle (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) from the deep-waters of the South China Sea

FIGURE 2. Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., general morphology. (A) General view, lateral side. (B) Opercular area, lateral view. (C) Attachment disk separated from mantle sac, frontal view. (D) Mouth cirrus. (E) Caudal appendage. (F) Labrum, lateral view. Abbreviations: ad—attachment disk, ba—basis, co—coxa, em—embryos, er—external/posterior ramus, ir— internal/anterior ramus, mdp—mandibular palp, ob—opercular bars, oc—oral/mouth cone, tc—terminal cirri. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 4 in Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., a burrowing barnacle (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) from the deep-waters of the South China Sea

FIGURE 4. Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., mouthparts. (A, C) Mandibles. (B, D) Inferior angle of mandibles. (E) Maxillule. (F, G) Cutting edge of maxillules. (H) Maxillae. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 5 in Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., a burrowing barnacle (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) from the deep-waters of the South China Sea

FIGURE 5. Map of distribution of species of Weltneria (modified after Kolbasov 2009): 1—W. aapta, 2—W. acanthostoma, 3—W. bekae, 4—W. exargilla, 5—W. griggi, 6—W. hessleri, 7—W. hirsuta, 8—W. ligamenta, 9—W. reticulata, 10—W. spinosa, 11—W. tomlinsoni, 12—W. zibrowii.

FIGURE 1 in Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., a burrowing barnacle (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) from the deep-waters of the South China Sea

FIGURE 1. Weltneria acanthostoma sp. nov., general appearance (light microscopy). (A) General view, lateral side, part of mantle from rear side enlarged in rectangular area. (B) Opercular area, lateral view, parts of opercular bar with tiny bifid teeth and posterior margin of aperture with simple mantle teeth enlarged in rectangular areas. (C) Attachment disk separated from mantle sac, frontal view. (D) Posterior part of thorax with bases of terminal cirri and caudal appendages. Abbreviations: ad— attachment disk, ca—caudal appendages, ob—opercular bars, oc—oral/mouth cone, tc—terminal cirri. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 7. Phylogeny. A in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 7. Phylogeny. A summary of the phylogenetic relationships amongst the Thecostraca families, with major groups labelled on the right and on the branches within the Thoracica. All families are considered monophyletic, except where specifically noted in the text. In Rhizocephala, families with an akentrogonid type of host invasion are coloured blue. Drawings representing the different groups are, from the top: Facetotectan y-cyprid; Dendrogaster; Trypetesa; Clistosaccus; Sacculina; Ibla; Pollicipes; Lepas; Neolepas; Verruca; Catophragmus; Xenobalanus; Balanus.

Figure 6. Fossil Thoracica. A in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 6. Fossil Thoracica. A, Stramentum pulchellum, Stramentidae, Upper Cretaceous, Turonian, UK. B, Archaeolepas redtenbacheri, Archaeolepadidae, Upper Jurassic, Tithonian, Germany. C, Eolepas bathonica, Eolepadidae, Middle Jurassic, France. D, E, Witherscalpellum aptiensis, Cretiscalpellidae, Lower Cretaceous, UK; capitulum, in lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. F, G, Brachylepas naissanti, Brachylepadidae, Upper Cretaceous, UK, in apical (F) and lateral (G) views. H, Etcheslepas durotrigensis, Zeugmatolepadidae, Upper Jurassic, UK. I, J, Proverruca vinculum, Proverrucidae, Upper Cretaceous, UK, in apical (I) and lateral (J) views. K, L, Q, R, Eoverruca hewitti, Eoverrucidae, Upper Cretaceous, UK; K, L, calcified basis with imbricating scales; and Q, R, fixed and moveable scuta. M–P, Myolepas scanica, Myolepadidae, Upper Cretaceous, Sweden; external (M) and internal (O) views of tergum; and external (N) and internal (P) views of scutum. S–AE, fossil whale barnacles, Coronula. Scale bars: 5 mm in A–H; 2 mm in M–P; 1 mm in I–L; 0.5 mm in Q, R, AE.

Figure 9 in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 9. Timeline of Thoracican evolution. Generic diversity of the Thoracica from the latest Triassic to the present. Early forms are entirely phosphatic, followed by calcitic pedunculated forms. Balanomorphans (acorn barnacles) appeared in the Cretaceous, but they radiated only after a low-diversity period following the Cretaceous– Palaeogene (K–Pg) extinction. The diversification starting in the Neogene is still ongoing. Living genera shown include only forms with shell plates, in order to compare with the fossil record. Further explanation is given in the main text. (1) Eolepadomorpha, Eolepadidae, Eolepas; (2) Eolepadomorpha, Eolepadidae, Toarcolepas; (3) Pollicipedomorpha, Zeugmatolepadidae, Concinnalepas; (4) Archaeolepadomorpha, Archaeolepadidae, Archaeolepas; (5) Calanticomorpha, Cretiscalpellidae, Witherscalpellum; (6) Scalpelloidea, Scalpellidae, Arcoscalpellum; (7) Brachylepadomorpha, Brachylepadidae, Pycnolepas; (8) Verrucomorpha, Verrucidae, Altiverruca; (9) Balanomorpha, Catophragmidae, Catomerus; (10) Lepadoidea, Lepadidae, Lepas; (11) Neolepadomorpha, Neolepadidae, Stipilepas.

Figure 2. Ascothoracida. A–D in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 2. Ascothoracida. A–D, larval diversity of selected Ascothoracida. A, an early, live Baccalaureus nauplius larva. B, an early, live Zibrowia nauplius larva. C, D, a Tessmann's larva or a-cypris (C), with hooked antennules (D). E–N, adult diversity of selected Ascothoracida. E–G, the coral Turbinaria, showing the galls formed by the ascothoracidan Petrarca. Insert in E shows the galls in cross-section, with red Petrarca inside the coral skeleton. F, Petrarca. G, magnified view of Petrarca. H, Synagoga arabesque, with extended, hooked first antennules. I, J, Ascothorax rybakovi on the brittle star Ophiacantha pacifica. K, a free Dengrogaster sp. L–N, the zoanthid Palythoa with Baccalaureus sp. inside. Abbreviation: a1, first antennule. Fig 2C photographed by ND and Dr. Jørgen Olesen, Natural History Museum of Denmark.

Figure 5. Thoracica. A in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 5. Thoracica. A, nauplius larva of Balanus improvisus. Note the presence of frontal horns. B, cypris larva of Amphibalanus amphitrite, showing the pair of extended first antennules and six pairs of thoracopods. C, Anelasma squalicola, a parasite of deep-sea lantern sharks (Etmopterus). The cirri are rudimentary, and the base of the peduncle has a root-like structure embedded inside the tissue of the shark to absorb nutrients. D, Fistulobalanus albicostatus, common on mangrove tree trunks. E, the family Pyrgomatidae are associated with scleratinian corals, and the bases are embedded in the coral skeleton. Cantellius sp. extending the cirri. F, Ibla cumingi, which is located at the most basal position on the molecular phylogenetic tree of thoracican barnacles. G, Megabalanus, Amphibalanus and Lepas inhabiting the capitulum of a penduculated barnacle. H, Capitulum mitella, a stalked barnacle inhabiting rocky shores. In molecular phylogenetic analyses, it is the sister to Anelasma (see C). I, Conchoderma, a stalked barnacle with reduced shell plates, epibiotic on many marine taxa, mostly crabs and whales. J, An early dwarf male settled on the surface of an adult Heteralepas. K, Octolasmis cor lives exclusively on the surface of crab gills. L, Scalpellum scalpellum, a stalked barnacle epibiotic with hydroids. The inserts in LM (upper) and SEM (lower) shows the hermaphrodite receptacles, which can house dwarf males. Inserts show a dwarf male with extended penis (upper) and an SEM micrograph of the receptacle structure. M, Waikalasma is a deep-sea inhabitant, having a row of imbricating plates on the base of shells. N, Chthamalus malayensis is common on intertidal shores. O, Tetraclita, with four shell plates, common on rocky and tropical shores.

Figure 8 in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 8. Thoracica phylogenetic hypotheses. Comparison of four recent hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships among recent Thoracica. Note the overall similarity in topology. Major discordances are highlighted by colour. Note especially the difference in the precise position of the genera Capitulum, Lithotrya and Pollicipes, but also that these taxa always appear 'close together' (highlighted in yellow) in the trees. In the analysis by Herrera et al. (2015), these genera are nested inside the Balanomorpha (dotted square). See detailed explanation in the main text.

Figure 4. Rhizocephala. A–H in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 4. Rhizocephala. A–H, life cycle stages and larval morphology of selected Rhizocephala. A, nauplius larva of Sacculina carcini. B, male cyprid of S. carcini. C, settled male cyprid of Lernaeodiscus porcellanae in the mantle aperture of a virginal female reproductive body (externa). Box D indicates the receptacle holding the trichogon. D, male trichogon of S. carcini dissected from the mantle cavity of a virginal female externa. E, female cypris of S. carcini. F, kentrogon of S. carcini, inside the empty cuticle of the spent female cyprid, in the process of injecting the primordial parasite. G, vermigon of Loxothylacus panopaei. H, scanning electron micrograph of Peltogaster curvata, showing the reproductive sac (externa) connected to the ramified internal root system. I–P, diversity of selected Rhizocephala externae. I, Peltogasterella sulcata on its host, Pagurus cuanensis. J, Briarosaccus auratum on its host, Lithodes aequispinus. K, Parthenopea subterranea on its host, Calianassa subterranea. L, Sacculina carcini on its host, Carcinus manaeas. M, Thompsonia sp. on its host, Thyraplax truncata, courtesey of Peter Castro. N, Sylon hippolytes on its host, Spirontocaris lilljeborgi. O, Heterosaccus dollfusi on its host, Charybdis longicollis. P, Polyascus gregarius on its host, Eriocheir japonica.

Figure 11 in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 11. Moulting and growth in Thoracica. Moulting occurs in the cuticular zones separating shell plates. A, new cuticle is formed by infolded epidermis in a narrow growth zone between two adjacent shell plates. B, old cuticle is shed only above the growth zone. The broken-off cuticle leaves distinct growth lines on either side of the growth zone. C, the new cuticle expands by outfolding; the growth zone is not distinct during intermoults. D, a new growth zone forms for the next moult; the shell plate can now expand laterally under the cuticle; older growth lines can thereby be included on top of the plate. Constructed from descriptions by Mahmoud (1959, 1960), Bourget & Crisp (1975) and Blomsterberg et al. (2004).