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Figure 3 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 3. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of a single consensus CO1 barcode sequence for each species (derived from the sequences in Figure 2), from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.02 expected substitutions per nucleotide site.

Figure 106 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 106. Estimate of the phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of the total evidence of 658 CO1 nucleotides, reduced to consensus sequences for each species, and of 27 morphological characters for the species (Fig. 4), but with morphological character-state changes (Appendix 1) optimized with WINCLADA (ASADO v.1.7; http://www.cladistics.com, accessed 2009): numbers above the branches are the character numbers; numbers below the branches are the character-state changes; solid squares show unique character-state changes; open squares show parallel or reverse character-state changes.

Figure 6 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 6. Global distribution of sample sites indicated as coloured spots, with the colours showing the elevation (scale at left). Cartesian orthonormal projection (as for the following maps): north at the top of the map.

Figures 11–13 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figures 11–13. Global distribution of material examined (grey spots) and successfully sequenced (black spots) for the species of the fragrans group. The inset scatter plots show activity by phenology (x-axis: day of the year, letters refer to months) and elevation (y-axis: metres).

Figure 4 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 4. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of 27 morphological characters (excluding autapomorphies, data in Appendix 1) from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.06 expected state changes per character.

Figure 99. A biogeographic scenario for all 11 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 99. A biogeographic scenario for all 11 species of Subterraneobombus by dispersal–vicariance analysis with DIVA using the tree from Figure 5 as an estimate of the phylogeny. Shaded branches above show simplified reconstructions of the ancestral distributions for each of the nodes that they precede (where area reconstructions are ambiguous, the more inclusive/widespread solution is accepted). See the text for details of the area units.

Figure 5 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 5. Estimate of phylogeny for all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of the total evidence of 658 CO1 nucleotides (Fig. 2), reduced to a single consensus sequence for each species, in combination with the 27 morphological characters for the species (Fig. 4), from a consensus of 18 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis, not shown) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (see Fig. 2). The scale bar represents 0.02 expected changes per nucleotide site or character.

Figure 2 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 2. Estimate of phylogeny for 212 samples of all 11 Subterraneobombus species by Bayesian analysis of CO1 barcode data (frame length 658 nucleotides, sequence data available from BOLD, specimen data available from the DB#) from a consensus of 36 002 sample trees after burn-in. The out-group (Bombus haemorrhoidalis) was chosen using the results of Cameron et al. (2007). The codes following the taxon names are the four-figure specimen identifiers (DB#), or longer IDs from BOLD, with country abbreviations: BUL, Bulgaria; CAN, Canada; CHN, China; FRA, France; IND, India; IRN, Iran; KAZ, Kazakhstan; KYR, Kyrgyzstan; MON, Mongolia; NEP, Nepal; NZL, New Zealand; POL, Poland; RUS, Russia; SWE, Sweden; SYR, Syria; THA, Thailand; TUR, Turkey; UKB, Britain; USA, United States of America. Values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities for groups (groups with values of less than 0.9 are considered unreliable); values of less than 0.5 within species have been removed. Asterisks mark individuals from sites closest to the type localities of the primary types for each of the species names, which were regarded as informal proxies for types when applying names within this analysis. The scale bar represents 0.3 expected substitutions per nucleotide site.

Figure 1 in The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figure 1. Estimate of phylogeny for eight of the 11 Subterraneobombus species (vouchers identified by PW) by Bayesian analysis of five genes (opsin, EF-1a, arginine kinase, PEPCK, and 16S) from Cameron et al. (2007), with divergence times estimated by Hines (2008) (the time scale is in millions of years before the present; values next to the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities/parsimony bootstrap values). Redrawn from Hines (2008).

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Figure 2 in Not just cryptic, but a barcode bush: PTP re-analysis of global data for the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. supports additional species (Apidae, genus Bombus)

Figure 2. Estimate of phylogeny from MrBayes for the fast-evolving COI gene of Bombus s. str. as a metric tree from the longest examples of sampled unique COI-barcode haplotypes (from data for 559 sequences from Williams, Brown, et al. 2012), combined with the Bayesian Poisson-tree-process (PTP) solution with spots showing the nodes with the highest support for coalescents of candidate species by maximum likelihood (outgroup B. vagans not shown). Values above the nodes are MrBayes Bayesian posterior probabilities, showing branch support for groups; values below the nodes are PTP maximum-likelihood support values that all daughter haplotypes are parts of a single species. The scale bar is calibrated in substitutions per nucleotide site. Each sample sequence is labelled with: the sequence length in number of nucleotides; a taxon name, often referring to a particular colour pattern; a code that consists of a specimen identifier from the project database and a sequence identifier; followed with its geographic origin. Lineages with high probabilities of representing one or more candidate species in the PTP results are shown with thick lines and the most recent common ancestor of each candidate species (the species' coalescent) is shown with a black spot. The branches within the candidate species are shown with thin lines.

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Figure 1 in Not just cryptic, but a barcode bush: PTP re-analysis of global data for the bumblebee subgenus Bombus s. str. supports additional species (Apidae, genus Bombus)

Figure 1. Global distribution of sample sites for the samples of the subgenus Bombus s. str. with the 559 COI-barcode sequences from Williams, Brown, et al. (2012) that are re-analysed here (these bumblebees are not indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian peninsula, lowland India, Southeast Asia, Australia, or Central and South America). Spots are coloured to show the site elevation (scale in metres a.s.l. at left). Cartesian orthonormal projection, north at the top of the map.

FIGURES 148–149. 148 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURES 148–149. 148. Map showing the distribution of B. ladakhensis in North China with records as black spots, the province boundaries in dark grey, and all sites with records of all bumblebee species in light grey. 149. B. ladakhensis male visiting Saussurea stella (Asteraceae) in Gansu (PW).

FIGURES 154–155. 154 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURES 154–155. 154. Map showing the distribution of B. sibiricus in North China with records as black spots, the province boundaries in dark grey, and all sites with records of all bumblebee species in light grey. 155. B. sibiricus worker visiting Cosmos bipinnatus (Asteraceae) in Gansu.

FIGURE 159 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURE 159. Graph showing variation in bumblebee species richness across North China as counts of the number of the species recorded within each grid cell of 1° longitude × 1° latitude.

FIGURES 138–139. 138 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURES 138–139. 138. Map showing the distribution of B. grahami in North China with records as black spots, the province boundaries in dark grey, and all sites with records of all bumblebee species in light grey. 139. B. grahami worker from Gansu.

FIGURES 132–133. 132 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURES 132–133. 132. Map showing the distribution of B. cryptarum in North China with records as black spots, the province boundaries in dark grey, and all sites with records of all bumblebee species in light grey. 133. B. cryptarum worker from Shanxi.

FIGURES 126–127. 126 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURES 126–127. 126. Map showing the distribution of B. lantschouensis in North China with records as black spots, the province boundaries in dark grey, and all sites with records of all bumblebee species in light grey. 127 B. lantschouensis worker visiting Aconitum barbatum (Ranunculaceae) in Gansu.

FIGURES 120–121. 120 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURES 120–121. 120. Map showing the distribution of B. ignitus in North China with records as black spots, the province boundaries in dark grey, and all sites with records of all bumblebee species in light grey. 121. B. ignitus worker visiting Carduus acanthoides (Asteraceae) in Shaanxi.

FIGURES 140–141. 140 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURES 140–141. 140. Map showing the distribution of B. breviceps in North China with records as black spots, the province boundaries in dark grey, and all sites with records of all bumblebee species in light grey. 141. B. breviceps worker visiting Mirabilis jalapa (Nyctaginaceae) in Shaanxi.

FIGURES 116–117. 116 in The bumblebees of North China (Apidae, Bombus Latreille)

FIGURES 116–117. 116. Map showing the distribution of B. wangae in North China with records as black spots, the province boundaries in dark grey, and all sites with records of all bumblebee species in light grey. 117. B. wangae worker visiting Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae) in Gansu.