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FIG. 16 in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 16. — Diagram of a transverse section through the wall of Sycon natalense Borojevic, 1967. Abbreviations: a, atrium; as, atrial skeleton composed of tangential triactines and tetractines; ss, subatrial spicules; ar, articulate choanosomal skeleton; dc, distal cone, with a short tuft of diactines (from Borojevic 1967b). Scale bar: 100 µm.

FIG. 21. — A in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 21. — A transverse section through the wall of Leucandra aspera (Schmidt, 1862) (light micrograph). Abbreviations: a, atrium; as, atrial skeleton; ch, choanosome; cx, cortex. Scale bar: 230 µm.

FIG. 12 in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 12. — Diagram of the Jenkinidae type of the sponge wall organization. Abbreviations: cx, cortex; ch, choanoderm; a, atrium; o, osculum; ic, inhalant cavities.

FIG. 19 in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 19. — Diagram of a longitudinal radial section through the wall of Ute gladiata Borojevic, 1966. Abbreviations: a, atrium; as, atrial skeleton; ss, subatrial spicules; ar, articulate choanosomal skeleton; cx, cortex (from Borojevic 1966). Scale bar: 100 µm.

FIG. 10 in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 10. — Diagram of the leuconoid type of aquiferous system organization, such as observed in many Calcaronea. Instead of a central atrial cavity there is a network of aquiferous exhalant canals that increase in size from the distal regions to the oscula. Abbreviations: cx, cortex; ch, choanoderm; ic, inhalant cavities; ec, exhalant cavities; a, atrium.

FIG. 9 in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 9. — Diagram of the sylleibid type of aquiferous system organization, such as observed in Polejaevia, Paralelapia, and Leucilla. Abbreviations: cx, cortex; ch, choanoderm; a, atrium; ic, inhalant cavities; ec, exhalant cavities.

FIG. 7 in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 7. — Diagram of the Sycetta type of organization of the sponge wall. Abbreviations: ps, pinacoderm and the skeletogenous layer; a, atrium; o, osculum. The arrow shows the direction of water flow.

FIG. 4 in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 4. — An amphiblastula larva (a) in the parental sponge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Scale bar: 8 µm.

FIG. 15 in A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea)

FIG. 15. — Section of the wall of Ascute. Specimen from the Wilson collection collected near Port Philips Heads (Australia), BMNH 1983.6.9.33. Scale bar: 160 µm.

Fig. 7 in Atlas of European millipedes 3: Order Chordeumatida (Class Diplopoda)

Fig. 7. Percentage of species recorded from 1, 2–3, 4–7 …> 512-1023 50 km squares of European Chordeumatida C.L. Koch, 1847 (blue columns) and Julida Brandt, 1833 without Macaronesian endemics (red columns, data from Kime & Enghoff 2017).

Fig. 5 in Atlas of European millipedes 3: Order Chordeumatida (Class Diplopoda)

Fig. 5. Area codes as used in the atlas, from Fauna Europaea guidelines (de Jong et al. 2014: supplementary material 1), reproduced with permission. Note that MN (Montenegro) and SB (Serbia) are collectively shown as YU (Yugoslavia) on this map. Also note that CY (Cyprus) is not covered by the atlas.

Fig. 2. A in Atlas of European millipedes 3: Order Chordeumatida (Class Diplopoda)

Fig. 2. A selection of European species of Chordeumatida C.L. Koch, 1847, various families. A. Halleinosoma noricum Verhoeff, 1913 (Trachygonidae Cook, 1896). B. Syngonopodium aceris Verhoeff, 1913 (Attemsiidae Verhoeff, 1899). C. Xylophageuma zschokkei Bigler, 1912 (Haaseidae Attems, 1899), in copula. D. Haplogona oculodistincta (Verhoeff, 1893) (Verhoeffiidae Verhoeff, 1899), in copula. E. Haasea fonticulorum (Verhoeff, 1910) (Haaseidae), in copula. Jörg Spelda has pointed out that on Figs 2C and 2E, both showing copulation in species of Haaseidae, the female is seen to be partially covered in a fine web (most evident in Fig. 2E), probably produced by the male's spinning glands and perhaps serving to 'strap down' the female to the ground. Photo credits: Jörg Spelda.

Fig. 4. A in Atlas of European millipedes 3: Order Chordeumatida (Class Diplopoda)

Fig. 4. A selection of European subterranean species of Chordeumatida C.L. Koch, 1847, various families. A. Schizmohetera curcici Makarov, 2001, topotype (Neoatractosomatidae Verhoeff, 1901). B. Serbosoma kucajense (Ćurčić & Makarov, 1998), topotype (Anthroleucosomatidae Verhoeff, 1899). C. Egonpretneria vudutschaljdi Antić & Dražina, 2015 (Anthogonidae Ribaut, 1913). D. Cornogonopus pavicevici Antić, 2020, the latest addition to the European chordeumatidan fauna, holotype (Anthroleucosomatidae) E. Haasia likana (Strasser, 1966) (Anthogonidae). F. Dyocerasoma intermedium Makarov, Lučić, Mitić & Rađa, 2003 (Craspedosomatidae Gray, 1843). Photo credits: Marjan Komnenov (A), Dragan Antić (B, D), Tamara Čuković-Malenica (C), Tvrtko Dražina (E), Kazimir Muculinić (F).

Fig. 8 in Atlas of European millipedes 3: Order Chordeumatida (Class Diplopoda)

Fig. 8. Year (decade) of publication of valid names of European Chordeumatida C.L. Koch, 1847 (blue columns) and Julida Brandt, 1833 without Macaronesian endemics (red columns, data from Kime & Enghoff 2017 and from Table 5 of the present work).

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

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Meta-analysis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIA reveals polymorphism and positive selection in many vertebrate species

Pathogen-mediated selection and sexual selection are important drivers of evolution. Both processes are known to target genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a gene family encoding cell-surface proteins that display pathogen peptides to the immune system. The MHC is also a model for understanding processes such as gene duplication and trans-species allele sharing. The class II MHC protein is a heterodimer whose peptide-binding groove is encoded by an MHC-IIA gene and an MHC-IIB gene. However, our literature review found that class II MHC papers on infectious disease or sexual selection included IIA data only 18% and 9% of the time, respectively. To assess whether greater emphasis on MHC-IIA is warranted, we analyzed MHC-IIA sequence data from 50 species of vertebrates (fish, amphibians, birds, mammals) to test for polymorphism and positive selection. We found that the number of MHC-IIA alleles within a species was often high, and covaried with sample size and number of MHC-IIA genes assayed. While MHC-IIA variability tended to be lower than that of MHC-IIB, the difference was only ~25%, with ~3 fewer IIA alleles than IIB. Furthermore, the unexpectedly high MHC-IIA variability showed clear signatures of positive selection in most species, and positive selection on MHC-IIA was stronger in fish than in other surveyed vertebrate groups. Our findings underscore that MHC-IIA can be an important target of selection. Future work should therefore expand the characterization of MHC-IIA at both allelic and genomic scales, and incorporate MHC-IIA into models of fitness consequences of MHC variation.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Automatic global climate classification, preserving Köppen thermal classes with added aridity information and a hypertropical class

A streamlined system using growing degree days for climate classification that delivers both temperature and aridity information in all classes and an added hypertropical class. Primary thermal classes remain consistent with the primary Köppen climate classes and their established connection to biomes. The eight class to tif tool ends with a .tif file of climate classes.  The steps may need to be modified if using different inputs than Envirem and WorldClim 1.4. Envirem is missing datum information, but ArcGIS makes the same calculations  without the project raster step. Note that WorldClim 1.4 applies a scaling factor of 10 for temperature data, which is propagated in Envirem. Import the symbology layer file climate_8_class. If ArcGIS is being cranky about displaying the (blue) hypertropical class, try reseting with the 'Add All Values' button, followed by hitting 'Default Colors'.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Code for the paper "First-Class Data Types in Shallow Embedded Domain-Specific Languages using Metaprogramming": IFL 2022

Code accompanying the paper First-Class Data Types in Shallow Embedded Domain-Specific Languages using Metaprogramming. All code is Haskell code, tested with GHC 8.8.4 <ul> <li>./tuple: contains the examples from Section 3.2</li> <li>./bin: contains the examples from Section 5.1</li> <li>./artifact: contains an extended version of the running example of the paper  </li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

The Origin and Clinical Benefit of First-in-Class Drugs that entered the French market between 2008 and 2018

This file contains a data set of 135 First-in-class medicines that entered the French market between 2008 to 2018. For each drug we present data on provenance (inventor of the drug) and clinical benefit grading by Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) and Prescrire. A legend on matching clinical grading scale can be found on tab 3 of the document.